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Network security: a clear understanding and easy solutions" www.easy-hack.com

Thesis Info

Author

Shah, Ali Raza

Department

Department of Technology Management

Program

MBA

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2005

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Technology Management

Language

English

Other

MA/MSc 005.8 SHN

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676723003051

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نہ کر ساہنوں تنگ اوہ ماہی

نہ کر سانوں تنگ او ماہی
چل اساڈے سنگ او ماہی
تیرے پیار تے جان وکائی
سڑ گئے وانگ پتنگ او ماہی
دل ساڈا پیا دھک دھک ڈولے
چھنکے جس دم ونگ او ماہی
کوئی عاشق، کوئی نفرت کردا
قدرت دے نیں رنگ او ماہی
وچوں ٹھگ تے اتوں بھولا
ویکھو وکھرے رنگ او ماہی
ماہی دِسّے چار چوفیرے
رچیا ہر ہر انگ او ماہی
پیا رقیب تیاریاں کر دا
رنگ دے وچ پا بھنگ او ماہی

The Musharraf Formula (Back Channel Formula) and the Resolution of the Kashmir Conflict

The Musharraf formula refers to the resolution formula of the Kashmir conflict which was reportedly agreed upon during the one-to-one backchannel dialogue between Mr. Tariq Aziz, the former civil servant and close aide of the then President of Pakistan, General Pervez Musharraf and Mr. Satinder Lambah, a special envoy of the Prime Minister of India. We now know some of the details of this formula from the article of the American journalist, Steve Coll which he had published in New Yorker in March 2009 and the book of Mr. Khursheed Mahmud Kasuri, Neither a Hawk, Now a Dove which was published in 2015. Prior to this Mr. Musharraf and Mr. Kasuri had already claimed in their TV interviews and press talks that by March 2007 India and Pakistan were very close to resolving the Kashmir conflict. This paper takes the details of that non-paper agreement and tries to study what exactly that agreement holds for the future resolution of the Kashmir conflict. The basic understanding is whenever the Pakistani and the Indian governments will take up the negotiations on the Kashmir conflict in future, this agreement is bound to come up in the talks as a starting reference point. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully look at this agreement and discuss what it entails for the resolution of the Kashmir conflict.

Non-Symbolic and Symbolic Numerical Cognition: A Cross-Cultural Perspective

Present study hinges upon a very critical question that is whether approximate number system plays foundational role in symbolic math or not? More specifically in current research it has been tried to explore the causal relationship between non-symbolic and symbolic numerical cognition through a brief training paradigm. Research evidence of past decades has shed light on the relationship between non-symbolic and symbolic numerical cognition through neuroscience, neuropsychological, correlational and indirect research evidences. However there was no research evidence specifying the causal relationship between the two directly. To bridge this gap present study was carried out in an effort to disentangle this relationship through training study with first grade children who are at the very first step of connecting these two systems through class mathematics learning. This research study has been divided in two phases. Phase 1 of the study comprises of four experiments (i.e; experiment 1: N= 48; experiment 2, N=48; experiment 3, N=24; experiment 4, N= 24) conducted with American first grade children. Phase 2 of study comprises of two experiments conducted with Pakistani first grade children (experiment 1, N= 48; experiment 2, N =72). In both, phase1 and 2 children were trained with different training conditions (non-symbolic approximate addition, brightness comparison, line length addition and non-symbolic approximate comparison) and were post tested on symbolic addition (in experiment 1,3,4 of phase 1 and experiment 1 of phase 2), sentence completion task(experiment2 of phase1) and number line placement (experiment 2 of phase 2). Results across different experiments of both phases of study revealed that training with non-symbolic approximate addition and non-symbolic approximate comparison give the children advantage to perform better on symbolic math and number line placement task as compare to control conditions in terms of speed and accuracy. Research evidence indicates that non-symbolic numbers played foundational role in enhancing children performance on symbolic addition, number line placement and that this effect was specific to the domain of mathematics. xi Furthermore, training effect got replicated and extended with Pakistani sample belonging to a totally different cultural context. Results indicate that longitudinal training with nonsymbolic approximate numbers might be helpful to improve children symbolic math and might also be helpful for children with math learning difficulties.