الإعجاز البلاغي في قصة إبراهيم عليه السلام

The topic, "Eloquence of the Discourse in the Narrative of Ibrāhīm” is selected to meet the desire to examine the Quranic eloquence of the selected discourse. The Quranic narrative is selected for the present study for its significant position in the Quranic text. Most of its artistic elements are based on the Quranic rhetorical inimitability. In Sūrah Shua‘rā’, there are the famous dialogues of Ibrāhīm with the polytheists. He invites his nation to abandon the worship of different gods and pay their adoration to the One and the Only God: the Sustainer of the worlds. Then, comes his invocation (Du‘ā) for himself, his nation and for the Prophet Muḥammad (S. A. W). Also, this article discusses the condition of the polytheists and their dispute with their leaders in the hell, those leaders, who diverted them from the right path. The article discusses the narrative, and studies the Quranic eloquence of the discourse in the story of Ibrāhīm. It shows how the Qur’ān deals with the said story from Rhetoric, syntactic and morphological point of view.

Automated Testing of Object Oriented Systems Using Vdm++ and Uml Communication Diagrams

The rapidly growing applications of software in critical systems such as railways, aviation, automobiles, and medicine, demand a much higher level of reliability and error- free operation. The use of formal methods in such applications not only helps avoid specification errors, ambiguities, and inconsistencies in early phases of software life cycle, but also provides a sound basis for generation of an effective set of test cases. However, the existing research on formal specification based testing has focused on unit level testing only. This research is aimed at automating the generation of class level as well as integration level test cases for an object-oriented system using formal specifications. We use VDM++ formal specification language for this purpose. As a result of our research, we present a framework, called SpecTGS, that automatically generates specification based test cases for object-oriented systems using VDM++ as the specification language. For class testing, the SpecTGS uses the trace structure definition of a VDM++ class specification to derive allowable method call sequences, and partition analysis to generate test data. For integration testing, we have proposed a novel idea that extracts testing information from the VDM++ specification and UML communication diagrams. The SpecTGS derives message sequences from a UML communication diagram, and uses the VDM++ specification to construct state invariants for the states in which a class can receive a message. A new strategy for constructing sub-states from a state invariant called partitioned boundary state coverage that combines two existing strategies, i.e. partition ivanalysis strategy and the boundary state coverage strategy. Each message sequence generated from the UML communication diagrams is combined with the sub-states to construct a test model. The test model is then used to derive the test paths under various coverage criteria. A proof-of-concept tool has been developed to implement and evaluate the SpecTGS framework. The results for the integration testing approach have been shown for a real-life case study selected from the literature.