اردو اور فارسی شاعری کے علاوہ اقبال نثری تصانیف بھی لکھتے رہے۔ ان کی نثری کتب کی بھی بہت اہمیت ہے۔ ان کی پہلی نثری کتاب” علم الاقتصاد“ تھی جو 1904ء میں شائع ہوئی ۔ اقبال اسلامیہ کالج لاہور میں اقتصادیات اور تاریخ پڑھاتے تھے اس وقت معاشیات پر آپ نے اردو میں یہ کتاب لکھی اور خود ہی شائع بھی کروائی ۔اس کتاب کے مقدمہ میں اقبال نے غریبوں ، کسانوں اور ناداروں سے بہت محبت کا اظہار کیا ہے۔ زمینداروں، سرمایہ داروں اور کارخانہ داروں کے ظلم اور ناروا سلوک کا بھی اقبال نے ذکر کیا ہے۔
مقدمے کے آخری جملے میں اقبال نے علامہ شبلی نعمانی کا شکر یہ ادا کیا ہے کیونکہ علامہ شبلی نعمانی نے کتاب کے زبان و بیان کی اصلاح فرمائی تھی۔ اس طرح اقبال کی پہلی کتاب کو علامہ شبلی سے بھی نسبت رہی ہے۔
Background Several changes have been made to the assessment component of Saudi residency training programs. Among those is the implementation of three examinations over the course of the year. Aim We aimed to explore the emergency residents’ perspective on the change in the number of examinations, and the impact of such changes in terms of time management, knowledge gain, and social life. Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out from September to October 2022, using an electronic survey targeting emergency board trainees. Results One hundred and nine emergency residents enrolled, of whom 64.2% were male. The majority, 45%, were from the central province. Junior-level residents (R1) represented 26.6% of the sample, while R2 (second year) comprised 18.3%, R3 (third year) comprised 38.5%, and 16.5% were senior (R4) level. More than half of the participants, 56 % (n=61), did not support the change from one to three examinations and believed that it had a negative influence on knowledge gain and clinical skills. The influence of the change on time management stands out as a negative impact, in addition to its impact on social life and annual leave arrangements. Conclusions The support for three examinations throughout the year was low; a contributing factor to this may be the sudden changes effected by those tests on training and time management. A re-evaluation of testing culture and involving residents in decision-making might generate acceptance.
The research undertaken presents three new and improved software testing strategies which could be applied to any type of organizational information systems. It is expected that it will provide considerable assistance to the system testers/ developers. The three proposed testing strategies are as under: • Metric Space Based Software Testing Strategy (MSSTS). • Hypothetical Database Testing Strategy (HDTS). • Quantum Computing Based Software Testing Strategy (QCSTS). The first testing strategy is based on Metric Space, a well known mathematical topic from “Functional Analysis”. We have developed formal notation “Formal Notation for Requirements Specification (FRS), a test environment (Test-bed), and a set of algorithms/tools”. The testing strategy will provide immense confidence / assistance to software testers and system developers and can be conveniently applied to both scientific function as well as organizational systems. The second testing strategy is based on Hypothetical database, a quite new concept in the field of software testing. Using the knowledge of the concepts of Independent Update views (IUVs) and differential table (DT) we have created a new Hypothetical database state (HS).