جائیداد کا تنازعہ نسل درنسل دشمنی
ناول نگار نے کہانی میں تین بھائیوں کا ذکر کیا ہے جو کہ ضلع خانیوال کے گاؤں ٹبہ والی میں رہتے تھے۔صادق بخش،الٰہ بخش،احمد بخش تینوں بھائیوں کے پاس زمین جائیداد بتائی گئی ہے احمد بخش جو کہ ان سب سے بڑا ہے اس کا ایک بیٹا ہے۔طلال احمد،دوسرے بھائی کی ایک بیٹی ہے بیٹی کی پیدائش پر بیوی کا انتقال ہو گیا اور تیسرے بھائی کی دو بیویاں ہیں مگر اولاد کوئی نہیں۔ان تینوں بھائیوں کا باپ جنگ عظیم دوم میں انگریزوں کے خلاف جنگ کرتا ہوا اپنے ایک بازو سے ہاتھ دھو بیٹھا اس صورت میں اسے حکومت کی طرف سے زمین الاٹ کی گئی، کچھ بعد میں یہ بھائی اپنے دماغ سے اضافہ کرتے گئے۔تینوں بظاہر بہت اچھے بھائی تھے۔ مگر طلال احمد جو کہ دل میں بغض رکھتا تھا، وہ اور اس کا باپ احمد بخش تین ہزار ایکڑ کے امورخود سے ہی دیکھتے تھے۔سب کام بہت خوش اسلوبی سے ہورہے تھے۔تینوں بھائیوں میں بگاڑ تب پیدا ہواجب دوسرا بھائی اپنی زندگی میں ہی اپنے حصے کی زمین اپنی بیویوں کے نام کردینا چاہتا تھا۔ناطق نے بھائیوں کے پیار میں بھی بتایا ہے کہ خون کے رشتے ،سگے بھائی بھی کس طرح جائیداد کے لالچ میں ایک دوسرے کے خون کے پیاسے ہو جاتے ہیں۔صادق بخش ہمیشہ سے چاہتا تھا اور اس سلسلے میں اپنے بڑے بھائی احمد بخش کو بہت بار کہہ چکاتھاکہ وہ اپنا حصہ اپنی بیویوں کے نام کرنا چاہتا ہے اور احمد بخش ہمیشہ ٹال مٹول سے کام لیتا تھا۔دونوں میں بہت تکرار ہوگئی اور بات طے پائی کہ وہ اس سال کپاس کی کاشت پر رقم دونوں بیویوں میں تقسیم کردے گا۔اس تکرار کی وجہ سے اب بھائی ساتھ میں کم بیٹھتے تھے۔مگر احمد بخش نے اپنا...
Early in 2018, Punjab Assembly passed a law in order to regulate welfare organizations and institutions. All welfare institutions were made bound to a complex official procedure. Violation of this procedure was regarded as a punishable crime. This law was widely discussed in think tanks and was strongly criticized. This research paper deals with understanding of this law, basic sections and their Islamic prespective is analysed according to Sharia. It has been proved in the light of Quran and Sunnah that Islam doesn't permit making non-obligatory charities system so complex and regarding it a crime. Hence, Government should make appropriate reforms in this law while reviewing it.
The use of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) can be very helpful in agricultural soils because of its associated useful characteristics. It improves soil physico-chemical properties, soil microbial biomass (SMB), mitigates soil diseases and enhanced soil organic matter (SOM) etc. However, the threat related to toxic heavy metal presence in MSWC can limit its extensive use as a soil amendment in agriculture. Higher heavy metals concentrations can decrease SMB, soil microbial ecology and activities of enzymes etc. The microbial processes affect transformation of metals which influence the availability of these metals in soil. The microbiological processes can either solubilize metals which may result in their potential toxicity and bioavailability or immobilize them. A lot of work has been done on the effect of toxic heavy metals on soil microorganisms, however, the research work is mainly experimented in acidic soils. The data regarding metal–microbe interaction in alkaline calcareous soils amended with MSWC is very limited. A study was planned to evaluate the effect of heavy metals present in MSWC on SMB and how soil microorganisms (Enterobacter sp. MN-17 (ST1) and Bacillus sp. MN-54 (ST2)) transform cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). The effect of MSWC on heavy metals availability, and growth of maize (Zea mays L.) was studied. The role of biochar and metal tolerant bacterial strain (MN-17) was also assessed to reduce metal availability in MSWC amended soils. Results showed that the increase in MSWC rate from 5 to 20 t ha-1 significantly increased the SMB (C and N) and soil dehydrogenase activity (DHA). MSWC application at 20 t ha-1 showed highest values of SMB C (21 %), SMB N (111 %) and DHA (25%) over control. No negative impacts were observed on the soil quality indicators by applying higher rates of MSWC during the whole incubation period. The addition of metal tolerant strains (MN-17 and MN-54) showed significant difference in reducing the exchangeable fraction of Cd and Pb in MSWC amended soil. Soil microbial biomass C and N and soil dehydrogenase enzyme concentrations were also increased by the addition of metal tolerant strains in MSWC. It was noticed that the metal tolerant bacterial strains can affect the mobility of metals through microbial transformation in soil and can reduce the exchangeable fraction of heavy metals in MSWC amended soil. Furthermore, roots of maize plants showed the highest metal concentrations which might act as a barrier for Pb, resulting in reduced concentrations of Pb in shoot of maize. However, the uptake of Cd remained higher from roots to shoots in maize vii plant. MSWC showed a positive impact on the plant growth and physiological parameters. Soil quality parameters (SMB and DHA) were also enhanced in soil where maize plants were grown upon the application of MSWC. In addition, poultry manure biochar and metal tolerant strain MN-17 and their combination remained more effective in the immobilization of Cd (66%) and Pb (61%) in MSWC amended soil. The mixing of biochar and metal tolerant strain MN-17 alone and their combination with MSWC showed better growth and physiological parameters as compared to the plants grown in MSWC amended soil. Soil microbial biomass C and N and soil dehydrogenase enzyme concentrations were also increased by the addition of biochar and MN-17 in MSWC amended soil. With incorporation of MSWC in soil, no detrimental effects of heavy metals on maize plant growth and soil microbial biomass were found. However, due to the high bioavailability potential of Cd and Pb, the repeated applications of MSWC would carry a risk of Cd and Pb build-up in soil.