صباح الدین عمر
افسوس ہے کہ اردو کے ایک عاشق و شیدائی جناب صباح الدین عمر کا انتقال ہوگیا، وہ لکھنؤ کی روایات کے بڑے دلدادہ اور اس کی تہذیب و ثقافت کا نمونہ تھے، وہ سرکاری ملازم تھے، یوپی کے محکمہ اطلاعات کے اردو ماہنامہ ’’نیادور‘‘ کے ایڈیٹر بھی رہے، اترپردیش اردو اکادمی کے قیام کے بعد اس کے سکریٹری ہوئے اور اس کا رسالہ اکادمی ان کی ادارت میں شائع ہوا، ریٹائرڈ ہونے کے بعد اردو اکادمی اور فخرالدین علی احمد میموریل کمیٹی کے برابر رکن رہے اور ان کو اپنے مشوروں اور تجربوں سے بڑا فائدہ پہنچایا، طبعاً شریف اور مخلص تھے، دوسروں کی مدد کرکے خوشی محسوس کرتے تھے، اﷲ تعالیٰ اردو کے اس عاشق و خادم کی مغفرت فرمائے، آمین!! (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی۔ دسمبر ۱۹۹۱ء)
Foreign policy is one of the wheels with which process of international politics operates. It is not separate from the national policy. It is an important tool to relate the relations to other countries. Foreign policies consist of aims and measures that are intended to guide government decisions and actions with regard to external affairs, particularly relations with foreign countries. Friendly, non-threatening and peace-loving attitude seems to be the hallmarks of most states. Yet on the other hand, there could be some countries that act as hostile and aggressive and there is hardly any world force that can constrain them. A basic and age-old problem of state systems arises from here: national security. Many states deploy armed forces to deal this particular problem. Usually, states coexist and deal with each other without breaking the internal hegemony. So the main issues of mankind are war and peace. A great emphasis has been put in Islam in the field of international relations. Islam developed a different structure and gave a distinct understanding of international relations. Islam offers a complete handbook on international relations through his teachings. Peace works as root in the relation of countries. Securing the world peace and settling disputes and anarchy are the core aims of Islamic teaching.
Parameter estimation of electromagnetic plane waves is one of the important areas of researchers since few decades. It has got direct applications in the field of radar, sonar, seismic exploration, mobile communication etc. In this dissertation, efficient and new evolutionary algorithms were designed for the parameter estimation of plane waves which include amplitude and direction of arrival. These global search optimization algorithms include Genetic Algorithm, Fractional Order Darwinian Particle Swarm optimization and Flower Pollination Algorithm etc. In order to improve the performance of global search algorithms, these were also hybridized with local search optimization techniques such as Sequential Quartic Programing. Different structures of antenna arrays were used that include uniform linear array, 1L shaped array and 2L shaped arrays for the reception of plane waves of electromagnetic nature. In order to test the validity and reliability of proposed algorithms, mean squared error was used as a fitness evaluation criterion that can be defined as a difference between the actual and estimated responses of the system. In this regard a large number of Monte Carlo simulations were carried out for the statistical analysis in terms of accuracy of estimation, convergence, robustness (against noise) and computational complexity time to validate proposed algorithms. All the simulations were carried out in MATLAB.