دور المعاهد والأقسام للترجمة في العصور العربية الزاهرة وحاجة انشائھا في أقسام اللغات بالجامعات الباكستانية

Translations have a prominent role in the advancement of science and literature for any people. By which sciences and arts move from the literature of one nation to the literature of another nation, in which sciences and arts flourish, and a nation becomes acquainted with the literature of another nations. Translation is an independent art, as it depends on creativity, linguistic sense and the ability to bring cultures closer, and it enables all mankind to communicate and benefit from each other's experiences. It is an art as old as written literature. Translation is a cultural necessity and an intellectual activity, and it extends bridges of communication between civilizations that converge and diverge among themselves, and their languages are similar and differ in ways of expression and methods of statement and expression of ideas, feelings and attitudes, and in the worldview and understanding of its concepts. There is no doubt that translation it is a complex linguistic process that requires lengthy anchors, as the queen of the two tongues is acquired only by a lot of practice, in addition to the systematic study of the mechanisms of transmission from one tongue to another. We also see in the modern era that the Arab Scientific Academy in Damascus, the Arabic Language Academy in Cairo and the Iraqi Scientific Academy have a clear and prominent role in the advancement of Arabic sciences and literature. The Scientific Academy in Damascus has established the Arabic language and its terminology, and the language of bureaucracies, in particular, with the help of authors and translators in particular, and the Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo, which has made efforts in developing the great linguistic lexicon and terminology of modern sciences.

A Study of Classroom Management Practices of Teachers at Early Childhood Level in Punjab

Classroom management practices at early childhood education (ECE) level are different from higher levels of education. ECE is the base of whole life and effective classroom management practices can play a vital role in all aspects of children development. It is therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the classroom management practices of early childhood teachers (ECT) working in Urban and rural area of Punjab. The study was descriptive in nature and survey research method was used to collect the data from ECT. District Gujranwala from the Punjab was selected on the base of convenient sampling technique. For survey, 320 early childhood teachers from urban and rural public schools of district Gujranwala were selected randomly. The data were collected through questionnaire from ECE teachers. The researcher personally visited respondents; response rate was 100 %. The questionnaire was divided in the three parts according to the classroom management practices. There was significant difference found between urban and rural area teachers about students learning performance and classroom (p<0.05). No significant difference was found between urban and rural area teachers in case of structure and environment of classroom management and behavior in classroom (p>0.05). It was concluded that there is a need for empowerment of teachers for management of their classrooms. Teachers should be given the opportunity to identify their own needs and should explore innovative ideas and information. It is important for teachers to possess and develop a set of skills to perform their task effectively. Furthermore, they should also think about their classroom management practices. Finally, recommendations were put forward based on the major findings to facilitate effective classroom management practices.