اردو ناول میں پس ماندگی کے مظاہر
حالیہ دور میں اردو ناول لکھنے والے چند ادیبوں نے اس بات کو ضروری سمجھا اور اس ضرورت کو محسوس کیا کہ پس ماندہ طبقہ کے مسائل کو منظر عام پر لایا جائے اور اردو ناول میں پس ماندگی کے مظاہر کو اجاگر کیا جائے۔ایک لمبے عرصے سے ناول کی ایک ہی تعریف چلی آرہی ہے کہ:It is a vheicle of social critism ۔اور میرے نزدیک یہ تعریف کئی لحاظ سے ادھوری ہے کیونکہ ہم معاشرے پر لکھتے ہوئے اسکے تمام عوامل کو نہیں لکھ سکتے۔ہم ہر بات پر قلم اٹھا سکتے ہیں لیکن پھر بھی کچھ حالات ایسے ہیں جن کی پہنچ ہمارے نزدیک مشکل ہے اندر کے حالات الگ بھی ہو سکتے ہیں۔ہماری سوچ کے مطابق حالات کو ہم جزوی شکل تو ضرور دے سکتے ہیں لیکن حتمی نہیں۔
ناول کی تعریف کو وسعت دینا ہوگی تاکہ زندگی گزرے اور آئندہ زمانے میں بھی اپنے ساتھ پیش آنے والے تمام واقعات کوپیش کرسکے ، ہر ناول کے فکری جائزے کی ایک اصل صورت سامنے آسکے۔یہ بات بھی درست ہے کہ جذبات و احساسات کی ایک حد ہوتی ہے جس سے وہ آگے نہیں نکل پاتے لیکن یہ بھی غلط نہیں کہ ناول نے ہی ایسے طوفانوں کا سامنا کیا ہے۔جو معاشرے کی چھپی ہوئی غلطیوں ،کمیوں سے پردہ اٹھانے میں کامیاب رہا ہے۔
ناول کی یہ تعریف ادھوری اس لیے بھی ہے کہ ہمارا ناول نگار اس بات پر ایمان لے آیا ہے۔ افسانے کی کہانی کو دس گناہ زیادہ طول دے دیا جائے تو وہ ناول بن جاتا ہے۔گزشتہ ستر سال سے یہ تعریف اس قدر راسخ ہو چکی ہے کہ اب یہ تعریف گھر کر گئی ہے کہ جابجا مکالموں...
Ethical Vices in Divine Books (Quran & Bible): A Comparative Study Morality implies values that distinguish between good and bad behavior. Divine religions have private behavioral value frameworks that are intended to guide followers in determining between right and wrong. Moral values are important in life because: If a person has never learned about moral values then how can he/she decide between the good and the bad. Moral values reflect an individual's character and spirituality. They help in building good relationships in personal as well as professional lives. In this article comparative study of ethical vices’ in light of divine books has been conducted. While doing so the behaviors like Pretention, Miserly, scrooge, Exuberance, Slandering, to lie, Faults/ Curiosity, make fun etc. Are being discussed and analyzed in order to highlight the moral teachings of the divine books. Texts from Torah, Psalm, Gospels and Quran on these vices are studied and analyzed. Study shows that divine books other than Quran have discussed immoral or wicked behavior briefly and just point out the vices but Quran and Sunnah discussed in detail about wicked behavior and also educate about the strategies that can steer you away from temptations and vices. Thus, the Qur’ᾱnic laws and injunctions make our life good and purposeful in this world and hereafter.
Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) has been one of the major threats to the production of cotton crop; caused by the members of genus Begomovirus of family Geminiviridae of plant viruses. Bipartite begomoviruses have two genomic components DNA A and DNA B. While, monopartite begomoviruses have a single DNA component, often associated with some satellites namely betasatellite and alphasatellite. Betasatellites depend on the helper viruses for their proliferation and in turn are required for helper virus accumulation and symptom expression. In some viruses, curtailed genomic components are produced during their replication in host cells. These components are termed as defective molecules or subgenomic particles which are known to interfere with the replication of virus by competing for host resources. Their production results in the amelioration of symptoms, delayed expression of symptoms and recovery coupled with increased resistance. Using universal betasatellite primers, both full length and defective betasatellites were detected by PCR. To determine their potential to develop resistance against homologous and heterologous viruses, defective betasatellites were cloned from the cotton samples taken from different areas of Punjab and Sindh, and characterized. Their sequence analysis revealed them as recombinant betasatellites prevailing in both provinces. A single species of Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMB) with its different recombinants was found associated with disease. Despite of high sequence homology between the betasatellite sequences from two provinces, Punjab and Sindh betasatellites were having some prominent differences particularly in the region between A-rich and SCR. This is the region thought to be involved in transreplication of betasatellite by its helper begomovirus. Sindh betasatellites encompassed the unusual sequence in this region, very rarely found in the betasatellites reported earlier. In addition to this, amino acid alignment of βC1 of these clones clearly differentiates the betasatellites of Punjab and Sindh. An analysis of subgenomic betasatellites suggested that the majority of them fall in the same size (650-700) and arose by deletion of βC1. Rolling circle amplification (RCA) techniques were used for the amplification of viral genome. RCA using Phi29 DNA polymerase amplified some non-viral sequences from infected cotton plant samples as well such as transposons, chloroplast sequences and some other sequences of unknown origin. Looped out small circular molecules of chloroplast were also detected by Southern hybridization analysis. Sequence analysis revealed that the looped out molecules contain inverted repeat sequences of chloroplast. Increased amplification of such molecules was related to virus infection and lacking in the DNA from healthy cotton samples, suggested some unrevealed mechanisms to be studied. Nicotiana species provide a good model system to understand the role of ploidy level on geminivirus-host interactions. Infectivity studies on various diploid and tetraploid Nicotiana species also established the interference of subgenomics on virus replication. The host response to begomovirus infection showed that all Nicotiana species supported begomovirus replication but only few species supported systemic infection and therefore the limitation is imposed by inhibition of virus movement. CLCuMV infection caused symptom development only in Nicotiana benthamiana while, ToLCNDV produced symptoms in three species N. benthamiana, N. tabacum and N. sylvestris. It indicates wide host range and rapid adaptability of bipartite begomoviruses as compared to monopartite ones. It was also inferred that ploidy level doesn’t play role in disease resistance or susceptibility. Despite high level of diversity in begomoviruses, only a single species of betasatellite is associated with cotton leaf curl disease. Thus, betasatellite is an attractive target for RNAi based resistance where resistance is dependent on levels of siRNA produced. βC1 is the only protein produced by betasatellite, responsible for successful infection in cotton. So in betasatellite, targeting βC1 can silence the active role of betasatellite. To enhance the resistance mechanism induced by siRNA directed against betasatellite, an amplicon-based hairpin RNAi construct was made based on defective molecule, serving dual purposes (producing defective molecules and targeting βC1). Transient infectivity analysis showed promising results which led to the stable transformation of transgene. Several lines of transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants were produced having RNAi construct as transgene. Infectivity of CLCuKV and CLCuMB resulted in efficient resistance response in transgenic plants. Out of 40 plants, 13 plants belonging to different transgenic lines remained symptomless, 15 plants showed mild symptoms and 12 showed delayed expression of full symptoms. Image produced through Southern hybridization showed low titre of begomovirus and no betasatellite in most plants of transgenic lines. Effect on the titre of begomovirus upon targeting βC1 further confirms the significance of the target.