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The Protection of Victims of War on Terror a Legal Perspective

Thesis Info

Author

Muhammad Fayyaz

Department

Department of Law

Program

LLM

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2008

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Law

Language

English

Other

MS 345.02 MUP

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676723146679

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سلام

سلام
جس نے خواب کے دین۔۔۔سحر کے ایمان کو!
روشن استعاروں میں گونجتی اذان کو!
چاہتوں کے شفیق موسموں میں سمو کر!
چاروں سمتوں کے سنگم پر۔۔۔
تطہیر کساء کا پانچواں چراغ روشن کیا
اس حسینؑ ابن حیدر پہ لاکھوں سلام
جس نے موت کی نبض پر ہاتھ رکھ کر۔۔۔!
نوک نیزہ پہ سورہ کہف کی!
توریت والانجیل کی گرھیں کھول دیں
سرمئی لوح کی رگوں میں سبز زندگی بھرتے ہوئے!
جس نے میزان حق میں!
در ِ وفا ۔۔۔شہر وفا کی آبرو تول دی
اس حسینؑ ابن علی ؑ پہ لاکھوں سلام
بنتِ محمدؑ و علی ؑ پہ درود و سلام

میں مختلف خیالوں میں الجھا ہوا تھا۔ لیکن بہلول نے محبت کی باتوں میں مختلف تلازموں کو واضع کرنا شروع کر دیا تھا۔ میں انسانی نمود اختیار میں محبت کی داخلی اور خارجی کیفیتوں میں جنگ سے کتراتے ہوئے،۔۔۔خیال، آرزو اور چاہت کے دامن تھامتے ہوئے، تنہائی پہ فریفتہ گزرتے لمحوں کے درمیان احساس تازگی کی وسعتوں میں جو بھی سوچتا۔ وہ نثری نظم یا نثم کی شکل میں ہی سوچتا۔ حالانکہ میرنے نزدیک نثری نظم اپنی شکل، کرافٹ اور ’’انزلنا ھو فی لیلۃ القدر‘‘ کی ہمرا ز نظر آتی ہے۔ جب کہ نثم کے نام کو عقلیہ کی تخلیقی جامعات میں اصلاحی دائرے میں ملنساری کی تہذیب کے طرز عمر کی لمبی مسافتوں کے بعد سامنے لایا گیا ہے۔
ان دونوں اصناف یا ایک ہی صنف کے دو نام کہہ دیا جائے۔ مجھے اس سے کوئی مسئلہ نہیں۔ لیکن ریاض مجید کے حوالے سے اکثر مختلف شعراء سے باتیں ہوتی رہی ہیں۔ اس میں بحث کا لفظ جان بوجھ کر حذف کیا ہے۔ اس میں جناب خالد احمد صاحب، مقصود عامرصاحب، جواز جعفری صاحب،انہیں نثم سے بھی کوئی مسئلہ نہیں۔
جناب وجہی صاحب، اقبال سید صاحب، روش ندیم صاحب،...

Exploring Individual and Social Factors that Influence Human Belief: An Analysis in the Light of Quran and Sunnah

استقصاء العوامل المؤثرة في الاعتقاد الإنساني من الناحية الفردية والاجتماعية: دراسة تحليلية في ضوء القرآن والسنة This research work was primarily designed to explore the factors that affect and change the human beliefs. The paper particularly addresses the issue from individual and social perspectives in relation to Holy Quran and authentic traditions of Holy Prophet PBUH. Qualitative research approach was employed for the collection and demonstration of data. The review of relevant literature concluded that there are many factors which seriously affected and changed the human beliefs. However, the most important and common factors are four: individual, social, religious, and economic. These factors play a significant role in changing Islamic beliefs of an individual. In this context, it was recommended that Islamic states in general, and Islamic scholars in particular should play their role to preserve Islamic beliefs in its original form. Furthermore, Muslim scholars should also design the strategy of purging beliefs from impurities and presenting them in systematic, logical and rational way along with their impact on the society

Reversible Watermarking and its Applications

In the last decade, watermarking applications have increased considerably. The main reason is that watermarking has emerged as a prospective technique, which can provide copyright protection and authentication of digital content. However, the disadvantage of watermarking is that it introduces small modifications in the original work and thus causes slight degradation. These modifications may be undesirable in some sensitive applications, like medical imagery, 3D reconstruction, and military applications. As a remedy to this problem, researchers have introduced the concept of reversible watermarking. The main objective of reversible watermarking scheme is to restore the watermarked image to its original state after watermark extraction. In this thesis, new reversible watermarking techniques as well as their novel applications are presented. In some of these techniques, computational intelligence (CI) approaches have been employed to improve the watermark capacity versus imperceptibility tradeoff. The research work is carried out in four phases. In the first phase, reversible watermarking is employed on medical imagery, which comprises regions of sensitive information. Slight modification in these regions affects the diagnostic analysis and thus can lead to wrong decisions. For this purpose, a novel reversible watermarking technique has been developed that utilizes genetic algorithm (GA) to improve capacity versus imperceptibility tradeoff. The algorithm makes use of block based companding technique, which helps in increasing the watermark capacity. Experimental analysis depicts that the developed watermarking technique provides good performance compared to the existing approaches. As the technique is reversible, therefore, it is even capable of embedding in the sensitive regions of the image. Reversible watermarking of images with depth information is discussed in the second phase of this work. 3D imaging is widely used in 3D gaming, robotics, controlling and routing devices etc. Different techniques and algorithms are reported to compute the depth information of an object. In this phase, depth information is computed through shape from focus algorithm. The depth information is reversibly embedded in its corresponding 2D image. This technique also utilizes GA to compute near-optimal threshold matrix for performance improvement in terms of capacity versus imperceptibility tradeoff. An additional attribute is achieved by using the threshold matrix for authentication purpose. The third phase focuses on reversible watermarking of 3D camera images. 3D cameras work on different principles for depth map computation. Cameras working on time of flight principle for depth Reversible Watermarking and Its Applications Page xviii map calculation are used in the experimental analysis of the proposed technique. The developed technique utilizes 3D information to embed as a watermark. In this way, protection and secure transmission of an image along with its corresponding depth map is provided. Two CI approaches, namely, differential evolution and a hybrid approach (comprising particle swarm optimization and differential evolution) are utilized to optimize the capacity and imperceptibility tradeoff. This technique is also able to provide authentication capability against manipulation and collage attacks. In the first three phases, CI is exploited to improve the performance of the proposed reversible watermarking techniques. However, CI approaches are more time and resource consuming. Therefore, in fourth phase, a novel and fast reversible watermarking technique is proposed based on histogram processing and down sampling. Histogram based reversible watermarking techniques are easy to implement and are computationally less expensive. A concept of down sampling is employed to generate a reference image and thus create more space for hiding bits. Block selection is used to generate a location map. However, the location map is required at the receiving side to perform extraction and recovery processes. An additional use of location map is devised, which makes the technique capable of authenticating digital images.