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War on terror & the desensitization of news viewers

Thesis Info

Author

Amrat Haq

Department

Department of Centre for Media and Communication Studies

Program

MS

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2009

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Media and Communication Studies

Language

English

Other

MS 070.44954 AMW

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-08 02:39:33

ARI ID

1676723173184

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۱-مَنْ

۱-مَنْ

"وَمَنْ أَظْلَمُ مِمَّنِ ٱفْتَرَىٰ عَلَى ٱللَّهِ كَذِباً" [[1]]

"اوراس شخص سے بڑھ کر ظالم کون ہوگا جو اللہ پر جھوٹ باندھے"۔

 



[[1]]     القرآن ،۶: ۹۳۔

دور المعاهد والأقسام للترجمة في العصور العربية الزاهرة وحاجة انشائھا في أقسام اللغات بالجامعات الباكستانية

Translations have a prominent role in the advancement of science and literature for any people. By which sciences and arts move from the literature of one nation to the literature of another nation, in which sciences and arts flourish, and a nation becomes acquainted with the literature of another nations. Translation is an independent art, as it depends on creativity, linguistic sense and the ability to bring cultures closer, and it enables all mankind to communicate and benefit from each other's experiences. It is an art as old as written literature. Translation is a cultural necessity and an intellectual activity, and it extends bridges of communication between civilizations that converge and diverge among themselves, and their languages are similar and differ in ways of expression and methods of statement and expression of ideas, feelings and attitudes, and in the worldview and understanding of its concepts. There is no doubt that translation it is a complex linguistic process that requires lengthy anchors, as the queen of the two tongues is acquired only by a lot of practice, in addition to the systematic study of the mechanisms of transmission from one tongue to another. We also see in the modern era that the Arab Scientific Academy in Damascus, the Arabic Language Academy in Cairo and the Iraqi Scientific Academy have a clear and prominent role in the advancement of Arabic sciences and literature. The Scientific Academy in Damascus has established the Arabic language and its terminology, and the language of bureaucracies, in particular, with the help of authors and translators in particular, and the Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo, which has made efforts in developing the great linguistic lexicon and terminology of modern sciences.

Investigation of Work Surface Integrity and Process Optimization in Electrical Discharge Machining

Surface integrity is generally defined by its topological, mechanical, and metallurgical state of subsurface layers. Since the defects produced from different machining processes can affect the performance of component, experiments are conducted to understand the effect of changing operating parameters before new machining strategies are accepted. The MDS (minimum data set) data includes the basic surface topography that is normal in assessing a machining surface and some of the metallurgical measurements. High capital cost of WEDM equipment demands the need for optimal utilization of the capacity of WEDM process. Cutting speed (CS) is a basic performance indicator to meet this goal. However, WEDM process parameters have great impact on CS and as such productivity and machining efficiency. It is therefore necessary to choose appropriate combination of parameters to achieve higher CS. In this research, surface integrity was characterized by recast layer, surface morphology, microstructure and microhardness. Experimental investigation was carried out to determine significant wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) process parameters contributing to recast layer formation and its surface roughness (SR). Additionally, an empirical relationship between process parameters and cutting speed has been developed. Five cutting parameters selected to study their effects on surface integrity and cutting speed are wire speed, pulse (spark gap), pulse-on time, pulse ratio, and power. Machining conditions were varied systematically based on factorial design of experiments to explore influence of these process parameters on hardened high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel using molybdenum wire. Significant WEDM process parameters were identified through analysis of variance (ANOVA). Scanning electron microscope was used for recast layer, elemental analysis, morphology, and microstructures. To illustrate the effect of microstructure and compositional changes in the recast layer, micro-Vickers hardness testing of WEDMed surface was also performed. ANOVA results showed that pulse-on time and wire speed significantly affect recast layer. Topographical images showed presence of surface irregularities like micro-voids, craters, and globules which affect morphology of WEDMed surface. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs indicated the presence of three distinct layers namely recast layer (amorphous and columnar structure), heat-affected zone(HAZ) and bulk material. Energy dispersive spectroscopy ii (EDS) revealed that recast layer is free of alloying effects from molybdenum wire electrode. Surface layer was, however, found to be oxidized. A statistical model of CS was developed and validated through residual analysis and confirmatory experiments. Pulse ratio, power and pulse were the major process parameters significantly affecting CS as determined by ANOVA. Contour plots have also been developed to choose optimal process parameters. Stability of moly wire was studied employing SEM and EDS analysis. It was found that original surface quality and dimensions of moly wire are not affected by WEDM process. By virtue of this, dimensional accuracy of parts is ensured. Keywords: Cutting speed; HSLA steel; Moly wire; Process parameters; Surface integrity