شوکازنوٹس کا طریقۂ کار: قرآنی احکامات کے تناظر میں جائزہ

Islam is a complete code of life. It is a legal system which fulfills the fundamental and natural rights of human beings. One of these rights is that no action will be taken against anybody if there is received any allegation against him until he is heard. The Islamic law provides the respondent a right to be informed through a show cause notice (SCN) for investigation of the situation whether the allegation against him is true or false. The contemporary laws also assert for security of human rights, but day to day happenings often put them to face many hurdles in its implementation in all such situations, which call further legislation and amendments. This article discusses the SCN procedure in Qur᾽anic perspective. The main purpose is to introduce the compliance and universality of the Islamic law and to make reader know that this law belief (in, on) human rights is to be enhanced for peace and prosperity of human society. There are a bundle of examples in Qur᾽an which clarifies the procedure of a SCN. We have taken just four stories amongst these verses. All of these stories have a complete SCN procedure; from beginning to the end. The procedure is dealt in a descriptive method, accompanied with the SCN procedure in contemporary law also. The conclusion is given at the end that the contemporary law in this aspect is according to the Qur᾽anic instructions.

Chemical Composition and Biological Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils from Selected Plants of Pothohar Plateau

Essential oils of different medicinal and aromatic plants have been potential candidates as source of food preservation, pharmaceuticals, alternative medicines and natural therapies in addition to their pharmacological properties like hepatoprotective, carminative, anticarcinogenic and antiviral effects. In present study some selected plants from Pothohar plateau were collected and subjected to essential oil extraction by hydrodistillation followed by assessment of their physical parameters like color, specific gravity, % yield etc and their biological activities including antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic attributes. The oils were then characterized by using GC and GC-MS techniques to find the chemical constituents. Overall the examined oils exhibited good antioxidant and antimicrobial behavior. To the best of our knowledge the essential oil of Parthenium hysterophorus has never been reported with regard to its composition as well as biological activities before present study. In general, Trachyspermum ammi and Cuminum cyminum essential oils showed significant activity in most of the assays performed in this study. Both showed remarkable potential for scavenging of DPPH free radical with IC50 values 2.61and 16.86 μg/mL, respectively and inhibited linoleic acid by 80.73 and 79.36% respectively. For T. ammi most sensitive bacterium was Streptococcus mutans (Inhibition zone=19.7mm; MIC=1.41 mg/mL) and fungus was Ganoderma lucidum (Inhibition zone=17.0mm; MIC=1.72 mg/mL) while for C. cyminum most sensitive bacterium was Bacillus subtilis (Inhibition zone=27.3mm; MIC=1.10 mg/mL) and fungus was Ganoderma lucidum (Inhibition zone=27.0mm; MIC=1.40 mg/mL). Both T. ammi and C. cyminum exhibited minimum hemolysis of human erythrocytes i.e. 7.98 and 4.51% respectively at 0.5 mg/mL concentration. GC-MS analysis revealed that thymol (37.75%) was the major component of T. ammi essential oil while cumaldehyde (24.10%) in C. cyminum essential oil. All the experiments were done in triplicate and mean ± S.D. was calculated.