عہد خلفاء راشدین اور اسلاموفوبیا

Islamophobia is a term that refers to prejudice or discrimination against Islam and Muslim. The roots of Islamophobia can be traced back to the distant past. Hypocrate Abd Ullah b. Ubbay Al-Salul was the first Islamophobic person in the era of Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) and then farther Abd Ullah b. Saba in the era of The Rashidun Khalips. They can be considered as the precursor of Islamophobia.

A Comparative Study of Effects of Activity Based Teaching and Traditional Method Teaching in Mathematics at Elementary Level

This study entitled “A Comparative Study of Effects of Activity Based Teaching and Traditional Method Teaching in Mathematics at Elementary Level.” The objectives of the study were: i)To compare the students’ achievement taught through activity based method and the traditional teaching method in Mathematics subject ii) To check the retention power of students taught through activity based teaching iii) To identify the participation of students in activity based teaching iv) To find out the effectiveness of activity based teaching in Mathematics at elementary level v) To explain the potential role of activities in teaching Mathematics at elementary level vi) To enable the students to appreciate use of different terminologies of Geometry in their daily life and to suggest recommendations for conducting future research on the subject. The population of the study was consisted of all students of seventh class of Government Girls High School Bhedian Pattoki District Kasur. For selection of sample a pre-test was administered to all (76) students of class seventh in Govt. Girls High School Bhedian Pattoki District Kasur except ten students. Thirty students were assigned to experimental and thirty to control group on the basis of pre-test results comparing equal marks. In order to achieve the objectives of the study pre-test, post-test from the seventh class Mathematics Book prescribed by Punjab Text Book Board was developed to do the intervention and for data collection. Research tools (Pre-test, Post-test) were discussed with the teachers of Mathematics and were modified in the light of their opinion. The modified version was tried out on 10 students who were not included in the sample for pilot study and were further re-amended in term of difficulty level on the basis of pilot study. The Researcher personally taught both the groups (control and experimental). Independent sample t-test was applied to accept or reject a statement. Statistical analysis and interpretation of the test scores of experimental and control groups showed that activity-based teaching has a positive impact on the performance of the learners. It was found that students take more interest in the lesson if activities are used. There was a significant difference between the performance of experimental and control group after teaching Mathematics with activity-based teaching. The study concludes that with the help of activities teaching learning process can be facilitated and becomes more effective. Activities have proved to be of great importance in teaching learning process. Information provided through such teaching is concise and quick. Complex ideas can be understood with ease with the help of activity-based teaching. Activity based teaching stimulates a high degree of interest in the learners. They make the message clear.