تفسیر القرآن از سر سید احمد خان کا تحقیقی و تنقیدی جائزہ

Sir Syed Aḥmed Khān belonged to a famous family of the subcontinent during the late Mughal and early British colonial period. He was famous for his close relations with the colonial government. He served many years in the judiciary. In recognition of his services, he was conferred upon with various titles such as Sir, The Imperial Advisor, etc. He is the founder of the educational campaign which was later known as the Aligarh movement. He was worried about the future of Muslims in India. This worry forced him to produce various literary and Islamic books to uplift the political, cultural, educational and social status of the Indian Muslims. One of his famous contribution to Islamic literature of Quranic exegeses is his Tafsīr al-Qur’ān. His tafsīr is influenced by western thoughts. He, instead of following the traditional methodology of Quranic exegeses, tried to understand the Quranic verses rationally. This led him to deviate from many established concepts of Islamic doctrines. He went against the Muslims’ affirmed beliefs in his exegesis. He mistrusted some of the basics of Islamic thoughts and tried his best to make new parameters of writing & reading of the Quranic exegesis on human logics. In addition, some of his views show certain relevance to the Mu'tazilites school of thought. The aim of this paper is to present an analytical and a critical evaluation of the exegetical opinions of Sir Syed Aḥmed Khān, particularly on the issues where he deviated from the mainstream Islamic thoughts in his exegesis, Tafsīr al-Qur’ān.

Improving Teaching of Geometry in a Multigrade Classroom in a Primary School of Tando Allah Yar, Sindh

Multi-grade teaching is very common practice in Pakistan. This is so due to many reasons such as, lack of teachers, low student enrolment, inadequate resources, and countless other reasons. The province of Sindh, especially in its rural areas, most schools have one or two teachers for five and more classes. These teachers are either completely untrained or trained for only mono-grade teaching, therefore teachers face various challenges and difficulties while teaching in multi-grade classrooms. The aim of this study has been to improve the skill-set of teachers in the geometry subject-area, in a multi-grade setting of a government operated primary school in rural Sindh. The study was conducted through a qualitative, action research approach. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, class room observations, reflective journals, students’ work and field notes. The methodology and findings of this study would help multi-grade mathematics teachers to revisit their current teaching practices in-order to improve their skills. Through the findings it has also been recommended that along with professional development programmes, efforts should be made on designing a curriculum for multi-grade classes along with teacher guide-books.