الروايات التاريخية الأندلسية بين الفن والواقع دراسة مقارنة بين الأدبين العربي والأردي

Comparative study is one of the most important aspects of literary criticism in literature. It helps us to discover what differentiates the work of different writers in different literatures. It clarifies many important aspects which may have been left unnoticed while studying independently. It opens many vistas of literary research. In the present dissertation an effort has been made to compare Jurj฀ Zayd฀n, M฀r฀f al Arnaw฀t, Abdul Hal฀m Sharar and An฀yatull฀h Al-Tamash as historical novelists because most of these writers considered as pioneer of historical novels, while everyone is at top list in novel writing in respective country. The present work on a comparative study of historical novelists of Arabic and Urdu literature (about Spanish Era) may, perhaps, be the first research work in Arabic on four writers belonging to four different climates, cultures and origins by any University in Pakistan In this research work you will find out, the similarities and differences in the narrative techniques of writers in their novels and how these writers creates a conformity between romance and real history through literary innovation. In what way they represent the distinctive individualities and civilizations of a particular era. What aspects of theme, characterization and various narrative techniques they use to make the historical novel an attractive and coherent representation of the social and political life. There is a certain connection and dependence on history but using imagination how they contributes to color the descriptive details with romantic flavor. You will find out whether these writers work subordinated to history or distorting history. History tells us what really happens and fiction relates what can happen. In the historical novel the writer tries to create a coalition between history and fiction. In this research you will find that coalition.

Application of Modern Trends of Systematics in Authentication of Traded Medicinal Plants

High global consumption of medicinal plants coupled with their demand in markets and lack of resources lead to the threatening issue of adulteration. Correct identification of pure and genuine medicinal material is prerequisite for safety and efficacy of plant based medicines. The present research project is based on taxonomic, pharmacognostic, physicochemical and chemical analysis of eight cases of traded medicinal plants presented in tables, figures, chemical profile and pictorial guide of original source like Berberis aristata, Colchicum luteum, Alcea rosea, Sisymbrium irio, Argyrolobium roseum, Centipeda minima, Eruca sativa and Eucalyptus camaldulensis with their adulterants. These taxonomic problematic medicinal plants are authenticated by detailed study of characters like morphology and organolepty, shape of epidermal cells and their margins, stomatal type, trichome type, pollen shape and exine sculpture pattern, solubility, fluorescence behavior under visible and ultra violet (UV) light, differentiation in physicochemical analysis, total phenol and total flavonoid content (TPC and TFC), quercetin level under High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), percentage scavenging activity and antioxidant potential. The findings of the present research project authenticate genuine source of medicinal importance like Zereshk (Berberis aristata from its adulterants Berberis lyceum and Vitis Jacquemontii); Surunjaan talkh (Colchicum luteum from its adulterant Narcissus tazetta); Gul-e-kheira (Alcea rosea from its adulterant Hibiscus syriacus); Khoob kalan (Sisymbrium irio from its adulterant Coronopus didymus); Makhni booti (Argyrolobium roseum from its adulterant Viola stocksii); Nakchikni (Centipeda minima from its adulterant Wattakaka volubilis); Tara Mira (Eruca sativa from its adulterant Naturtium officinale) and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis from its adulterant Populus ciliata and Salix alba). Outcomes of this research are helpful in maintaining quality, safety and efficacy of traded medicinal plants. In addition, authentication of genuine medicinal source may lead to extraction of required chemical constituents that may assist in future studies to develop natural herbal drugs at global perspectives.