مذہبی نظریہ
مذہبی نظریے کے حوالے سے وہ مذہب کو لے کر ڈٹ جانے والے انسان ہیں ان کی شاعری میں مذہبی رنگ نمایاں نظر آتاہے۔خصوصاً غزلوں میں ان کے بیشمار اشعار مذہبی تناظر میں دیکھے جاسکتے ہیں۔وہ تلمیحات کو استعمال کرتے ہیں،مذہبی عنصر کو تشبیہات اور استعارات کی مدد سے نمایاں کرتے ہیں،ان کی ذاتی زندگی ہو ،معاشرتی زندگی ہویاپھر زندگی کا کوئی بھی پہلو ہو، وہ مذہب کو اہمیت دیتے ہوئے نظرآتے ہیں۔کہیں وہ مذہب پر طنز کرتے نظر آتے ہیں تو کہیں مذہب کی تاریخ بتاتے نظر آتے ہیں اور کہیں واقعہ کی صورت میں مذہبی داستان سنانے کی جسارت کرتے دکھائی دیتے ہیں۔مسلمانوں کے تاریخی مذہبی عقائدوواقعات کو بھی ناطق نے اپنی غزلوں میں پیش کیاہے۔آب زم زم کا چشمہ پھوٹنے کا پورا واقعہ انہوں نے اپنی غزلوں میں مذہبی عقائد کی نمائندگی کرتے ہوئے سنایا ہے۔ انہوں نے اپنی نظموں میں بھی مذہبی عنصر کو عروج پہ رکھا ہے۔ان کی نظمیں، جن میںمذہبی رنگ نمایاں نظرآتا ہے،درج ذیل ہیں:’’عصابیچنے والا،سفیر لیلیٰ، کلیسا، مدفن، مدینے کا قصہ،سلام وغیرہ وغیرہ ان تمام نظموں میں مذہبی رنگ نمایاں پایا جاتاہے۔ناطق کی نظم مدینے کا قصہ سے کچھ حصہ ملاحظہ کیجیئے:
’’علی بن محمد تمہیں یاد ہو گا مدینے کا قصہ
یہی وہ مدینہ ،جسے اس کے بانی نے شہر محبت کہا تھا
یہاں اک شریفوں کا گھر
ہل اتیٰ ان کا ورثہ
شریفوں کا گھر تھا خدا کی طرف سے زمانے پہ آیت‘‘(23)
اس نظم میں وہ مذہب کی نمائندگی کرتے ہوئے نظر آتے ہیں۔مدینے کا قصہ سنا رہے ہیں اور نبی پاکﷺکے گھرانے کی بات کررہے ہیں۔مذہبی نظریہ کی بات کریں تو انہوں نے اپنے ناول...
Muḥadithīn have played a dynamic role in the preservation and compilation of Ḥadīth of the Prophet (SAW). Among them the contribution of Imam Bukhārī is unavoidable and remarkable in the field of Ḥadīth and its sciences. Since, he is known “Hafiz and Compiler” and considered as “Imam” and “authority” in the field of both higher and lower criticism. His book "Al-Tārīkh al Kabīr" (08 volumes) is considered as one of the ancient books in field of Ḥadīth and its sciences. This paper aims to describe the methodology of Imam Bukhārī in Al-Tārīkh al Kabīr. He described the biography of thirteen thousand seven hundred and seventy nine only (13779) in alphabetic order. Although his methodology was to mention names of the narrators alphabetically, but in respect with the Prophet (SAW), he gave place to eleven narrators among the companion whom names were started with the names of “Muhammad”. In the Methodology of Imam Bukhārī (RA), it is found that either the narrators are rejected or given authenticity, on the basis of not only his own examinations but he relied on the sayings of other Muḥadithīn as well. It is also pertinent to mention that he awarded degree to a little number of the narrators while left over most of the narrators undecided, because the main objective of the book was to portray the biographies of the narrators rather to make analysis of all the narrators.
This is the first report study on ethnobotanical documentation in Northern Pakistan about the usage of medicinal plants for treatment of prevalent diseases including musculoskeletal disorders, hypertension, skin diseases and glottis disorders. The main aim was to document the indigenous knowledge of the local people about the utilization of medicinal flora. In total of 630 informants were interviewed in order to document comprehensive ethnomedicinal information. Quantitative ethnobotanical indices, i.e., use value (UV), relative frequency of citation (RFC), family Importance value (FIV), fidelity level (FL) and Jaccard index (JI) were calculated for the reported medicinal plants. A total of 498 medicinal plants, 450 genera, belonging to 85 families were documented. For Musculoskeletal disorders, 131 species belonging to 71 families were reported with their traditional medicinal uses. The most dominant life form was herb (69%), decoction was preferred method of utilization (43 species) and leaves were the most used plant part (57 species). The most used family was Asteraceae (11 species). Highest used category was recorded for rheumatism (63 species) and the most used species were Bistorta affinis(D. Don) Green, Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm. and Colchicum luteum Baker. RFC ranged from 0.098 to 0.586, Urtica dioica L. with highest DCI (0.68) and Fabaceae was dominant family in terms of FIV (86.8%). In this study documented data was compared with 25 previous national and international published articles in order to find out some novel plant species in terms of new ethnomedicinal uses. For Hypertension, total of 164 plant species, belonging to 69 were reported. Asteraceae (23 plant species) was dominant family. The most dominant life form reported was herb (58%), preferred method of utilization was decoction (57 species) and the most used plant part was leaves (89 species). Highest FIV was recorded for Lamiaceae (327). The quantitative analysis showed RFC ranged from 0.08-1.08 and DCI from 0.233-0.000. The highest Fidelity level of plants recorded for Bauhinia variegata L. (FL=86.11). In addition to this the documented data was compared with 31 previous national and international published papers in order to obtain some novel ethnomedicinal uses. For skin diseases 106 plant species belonging to 56 families were documented. Asteraceae (14 species) was dominant family. The most dominant life form reported was herb (62%), the preferred method of utilization powder (23 species), and the most used plant part was leaves (63 species). Wound healing (43 species) is dominant disease category. The quantitative analysis showed RFC ranged from 0.07 to 0.25%. Highest use-value was reported for Psidium guajava L. (0.143 UV). Highest FIV was recorded for Pteridaceae (26.6%). In this study FL values ranged from 36.8 to 100% and the use for skin disorders was reported for the first time for 88% of the plant species. The reported data was also compared with 50 previous national and international published papers in order to obtain some novel ethnomedicinal uses. For glottis disorders 97 medicinal plant species belonging to 51 families were reported. Lamiaceae (10 species) was found as most cited family with highest FIV (62.1%). Leaves were the most frequently used plant parts (44%) followed by fruits (11%). Frequently used growth forms of medicinal plants was herb (65%) followed by trees (19%). The herbal preparations were mostly in the form of unprocessed dried/fresh, decoction (52%) and powder (12%) and were usually taken orally. Cough (73 species) was most treated diseases category. RFC value ranges from 0.268 - 0.049. Euphorbia hirta L. and Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton (0.22) showed the highest use vale while least UV was reported for Malva sylvestris L., and Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. (0.01). Lamiaceae was the most dominant family (62.163 %). Similarly Tagetes erecta L., Aloe vera Linn., Adiantum capillus-veneris L., and Anisomeles indica L. were identified as plants with high fidelity level (FL = 94.4%). In addition to this the data was compared with 33 national and international published articles. The study provides comprehensive and useful information about traditional uses of medicinal plants used by local communities for the treatment of Musculoskeletal, Hypertension, Skin and Glottis disorders in Northern Pakistan. This project gives baseline data on indigenous knowledge in Northern Pakistan to promote local health conditions, save it for upcoming generations as well as for potential drug discovery development. In future this reported ethnopharmacological data should be used as interdisciplinary field of research in providing primary data and scientific nexus with advance research project regarding pharmacological applications as well as in advanced field of pharmaceuticals and new drug discovery development.