E-Commerce and its Effects in Supply Chain Management

E-Commerce in today’s world is playing an important role in global business. A quantitative and quantitative research was conducted with professional members, employees working in organization which are dealing with E-Business or online working via internet and their views gave an empirical and dynamic approach to make business efficient and effective. Connectivity with market to find best manufacture for goods and for manufacture to finds its buyer for their finished goods. Flow of information become faster and gathering of data become easier to make activities of business to get optimal results. Numbers of goods are available complications to finds goods are removed by complimentary goods. Supplies of goods at proper time in order to meet demand by consumer plays win to win game. Improved methods of technology like RFID make work easier and accessible information about goods to management. Manpower in forms of labor is reducing which leads to decrease in the cost of goods. Ordering cost saves time and gives a specified time both producers to make commodity and consumer for delivery of goods. E-Commerce with contrast of components of supply chain in the form of ware house, logistics, number of listing suppliers, number of listing items on one web in the form of website on one platform give dynamic image to businesses in the race of competitive world. Business transactions done with internet not only reduce time but also make documents or records for longer time able to send data from distant parts of the world. Through websites we can get completive price information and other relevant information for goods.

Governance Role Played by Institutional Investors in Pakistan An Empirical Investigation Across Diversified Non-Financial Industries of Pakistan

Institutional investors should not be treated as homogeneous group of investors. The present study has segmented institutional shareholders in different classes. It explores the role played by different institutional investors in improving firm performance, investment efficiency and corporate governance mechanisms across diversified industries of Pakistan. Panel data estimation techniques are applied on a sample that include firms from chemical industry, food and personal care-products industry, sugar and allied industry, textile industry, cement industry, auto industry, power generation and distribution sector and miscellaneous industries for a period of ten (10) years i.e. from 2006 to 2015. Data for the purpose of analysis is collected on different accounting measures, corporate governance indicators and shareholding pattern from the annual reports of non-financial firms. An explorative analysis of the existing corporate governance mechanisms is provided for the firms by using a multivariate statistical technique i.e. factor analysis. Factor analysis is used not only for constructing the index but it also identifies the most important and the least important attributes of the corporate governance mechanisms in Pakistan. The findings confirm that institutional shareholders follow passive strategies and do not exercise the ownership rights attached to their shares. The average institutional ownership of stocks across different industries is less than the required minority percentage. Proportion of institutional investors’ shareholding is an important determinant in capturing their incentives for effective monitoring. Banks own substantial minority shares in most of the industries but still are reluctant in improving firm-level governance mechanisms or in monitoring managerial actions. The assessment of corporate governance mechanisms through factor analysis and pattern matrix confirms that the most important determinant of the existing corporate governance framework for non-financial firms in Pakistan is family ownership. Overall, the findings of the study facilitate not only the regulatory bodies and policy makers in understanding the essential determinants of good governance for non-financial firms in Pakistan but also provide directions for future empirical research on ownership structure, firm performance and corporate governance.