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A novel technique , adaptive intra cluster routing for wireless sensor networks

Thesis Info

Author

Raja Adeel Akhtar

Department

Department of Computer Science

Program

MS

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2009

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Computer Science

Language

English

Other

MS 681.222 ADN

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-07 07:33:19

ARI ID

1676723229180

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الیکشن میں دھاندلی

الیکشن میں دھاندلی

                 جب سے ملک میں پارلیمانی انتخابات ہو رہے ہیں تب سے ہی پاکستان میں انتخابی دھاندلی بھی ہورہی ہے۔اب تک جتنے انتخابات ہو چکے ہیں اس میں سے کوئی بھی ایسا نہیں گزرا جب میں عوام کی رائے کو بدل دینے یا پھر طاقت کے زور پہ اقتدار حاصل کرلینے کا الزام نہ لگایاگیاہو۔ جب بھی انتخابات شروع ہوتے ہیں تو دھاندلی کے نت نئے طریقے بھی دریافت ہونا شروع ہوجاتے ہیں۔بات کبھی جیلش ووٹوں اور کبھی نتیجے کو بدل دینے پہ آکر ختم ہوجاتی،حد سے تجاویز تب کر تی جب قتل وغارت عام ہو جاتی۔پولنگ کا وقت ختم ہونے کے بعد بھی اپنی مرضی کے ووٹ یا مطلوبہ مقدار کے مطابق ووٹنگ کرلی جاتی ہے۔اسے ہم پری پولنگ دھاندلی کہتے ہیں۔یعنی پہلے سے ہی یہ طے کرلینا کسی صوبے کو کتنی نشستیں دی جائیں۔اس میں اس بات کو بھی مدنظر رکھا جاتاہے کہ کسی بھی صوبے کو ملنے والی نشستوں کی تعداد اس کی آبادی کے مطابق ہوتی ہے۔ کیونکہ اگر کہیں آبادی زیادہ ہیاور اسے کم بتایا جائے تواس طرح ضلع کی ووٹنگ کی قوت کو بھی کمزور ،طاقت وریا مضبوط دکھایا جاسکتا ہے۔اس لیے اس سے یہ نتیجہ نکلتاہے کہ جہاں بھی دھاندلی کی جاتی ہے وہ ہے جیری مینڈرنگ اس کا مطلب ہے کہ حلقہ بندیاں کرنا یعنی ایک فریق  جو بہت زیادہ لوگوں کی حمایت رکھتاہے۔اس کے باوجود بھی اسے دوسرے فریق کے مقابلے  میں نقصان اٹھانا پڑے۔اس سے دو بڑ ے مقاصد سامنے آتے ہیں ایک تو جب مخالفین کی حمایت  کم ہوجاتی ہے تو وو ٹر بھی ایک ہی ضلع تک خود کو محدود کرلیتے ہیں۔

                یہ سب سے براطریقہ کار ہوتا ہے کیونکہ یہ بنددروازوں کے پیچھے ہوتا ہے۔ اگر انصاف پسندی سے کام لیا جائے...

امنا عائشة ملكة العفاف رضي االله عنها

This research aims to explore various features of Syyidah some highlights paper This. Personage noble s'(ر الله عا) ishah‘A’ distinguished aspects of her biographical account, her extraordinary intelligence, eminent rank amongst other wives of the Prophet Muḥammad (r), excellence over women of the world and being mentioned in the Qur’ān for her praiseworthy character. The scholarly areas, in which, she outshone others in Islamic intellectual heritage, include the Quranic exegesis, Ḥadīth narratives, jurisprudence, scholastic reasoning: analysis of jurisprudential methodology and principles of deduction of rulings and opinions. She adopted multifarious modes in this regards including explicit, direct, generalized, inductive and analogous approaches in the Islamic intellectual scholarship. By acknowledged was (ر الله عا) ishah‘A of grandeur The the companions of the Prophet, her scholarly point of view in conciliation of the problems of the Qur'ān and Ḥadīth made her stand out amongst all. She was a keen researcher, peaceful preacher and the greatest scholar of Islām of all times. Her knowledge and command over religious and social matters made her one of the most reliable experts of the Qur'ān, Ḥadīth and Fiqh. Such was her stature as the archangel Jibrā’īl presented his salutation to her.

Physical, Biochemical and Genetic Properties of Indigenous Walnut Juglans Regia L. Genotypes in Malakand Division

Malakand division of North West Frontier Province, Pakistan is famous for the production of walnuts and it alone contributes about 82% of the total country’s walnut production. However, the specie is being aggressively cut due to multiple uses of walnut bark and wood, leading to the extinction and genetic erosion of valuable walnut germplasm. To conserve this specie, surveys were conducted in four walnut growing districts of Malakand division during the years 2005 and 2006 and nut samples from 226 walnut genotypes were collected. Data were recorded on various qualitative and quantitative traits. On the basis of data analyses 18 superior walnut genotypes along with two exotic varieties were selected for further detail study. Results revealed that several of our indigenous genotypes excelled the existing exotic varieties growing in Pakistan in various quality aspects. Bio-chemical composition of the selected genotypes revealed that the percent crude fat ranged from 54.7 to 63.8% whereas crude protein from 10.45 to 14.50% and carbohydrates between 13.10 to 26.95 percent. At molecular level genotypes showed various levels of genetic polymorphism for the loci detected by using primers GLA-05 and GLA-10. Maximum genetic distance (100%) was observed between Payne and Sw-58 and Payne and Serr, closely followed at 94% dissimilarity between Payne and Dr-67. Based on the data from the dendrogram, the walnut genotypes were classified in to four major groups. Maximum numbers (13) of genotypes fall in group-I. Sw-58 was the only genotypes in group-IV and the most distinct from others. The response of selected walnut genotypes to graft take success was also studied. Results revealed that graft take success was highest (75.33%) in genotypes Ch-22 and Sw-8 (74.00%), while lowest (40.00%) in genotype Ch-7. During one growing season, Ch-20 attained maximum plant height (192.40cm) compared to minimum (56.63cm) in genotype Sw-46. Three different summer walnut propagation methods on 10 different dates were also examined. Results revealed that among the three methods of summer budding, patch budding performed on 20th July yielded the highest bud take success of 57.5%. Previously there was no concept of budding in walnut nurseries in the region. Thus by practicing summer budding along with winter grafting in walnut nurseries will certainly increase farmers income.