عورت کی وراثت اور پاکستان میں سماجی و قانونی حیثیت کا اسلامی تعلیما ت کی روشنی میں تحقیقی جائزہ

The Holy Quran is seen as the ultimate source of guidance and knowledge in Islam. It defines inheritance as automatic transfer of possession by which estate person transfers to the heirs as succession. In the Quran Surat Al Nisa explains about inheritane in just a manner that is due to each individual, male female. This Surah of the Quran has clearly specifies that women should no longer be treated as cattle and commodities, but as individuals, they have the legal right to inherit. The Quran mentions plainly the women right of inheritance in Surat Al Nisa : “ Allah Charge you concerning (i provision for) your children : to the male equivalent of the portion of two females, and if there be women more than two, then theirs is two-third of inheritance, and there be one(only) then the half. Islam gives the women right of inheritance, but the practical situation is different in society and country laws of inheritance. Women are often deprived of this fundamental right especially when it comes inheritance of immoveable assets i.e land. There are numerous reasons to deprive women from inheritance, for example cultural practices such as considering dowry as an alternate to inheritance etc. But the major cause is lack of knowledge and awareness regarding Shariah Law and state legislature due to rampant literacy and dominant role of customs and culture. This research article is an attempt to describe Islamic Law of inheritance along with the extensive study to analyze the practical social and legal status in Pakistani society, and awareness among the women of Pakistan.

Spline Solutions for Some Fractional Order Boundary Value Problems

In this thesis, the spline solutions to some fractional order boundary value problems have been proposed using different spline collocation techniques. The Caputo’s definition for fractional order derivatives is used, as it allows imposing the boundary constraint(s) in terms of integer order derivative(s). An efficient technique based on non-polynomial quintic spline functions, comprised of a trigonometric part and polynomial part, has been developed for solving fourth order fractional boundary value problems involving product terms. The C¥ differentiability of the trigonometric part of non-polynomial spline compensates for the loss of smoothness inherent in polynomial spline. The second and fourth order convergence of the presented algorithm has been discussed in detail. Moreover, the approximate solutions of three very important time fractional models, advection-diffusion equation, Allen-Cahn equation and diffusion-wave equation, have been studied by means of redefined and modified forms of cubic B-spline functions. The Caputo time-fractional derivatives have been discretized by finite difference formulations whereas B-spline functions are used for spatial discretization. The unconditional stability and theoretical convergence of proposed numerical algorithms have been proved rigorously. Some test examples have been considered for numerical experiments. The computational results are in line with theoretical expectations and exhibit a superior agreement with the analytical exact solutions as compared to the existing techniques.