زبانوں کی تہذیبی اہمیت عربی زبان و قرآن حکیم: اہمیت و کردار

Languages are considered God-gifted and human being is far superior in linguistic skills as compared to other creatures. Language is associated with the civilization and demise of a language leads to death of that civilization. The words and phrases of a language are the outcome of specific epistemological environment of a civilization and cannot be used in the same mining in any other language.

Production, Purification and Characterization of Biosurfactants from Bacillus Spp. and Their Potential Applications in Food and Pharmaceutical Products

Biosurfactants are the secondary metabolites produced by bacteria, fungi and yeast. The aim of the present study was to isolate the Bacillus spp. from the soil to carry out production, extraction and purification of biosurfactants and to evaluate different properties for their potential applications in food and pharmaceutical products. The study was carried out in three different phases. In Phase I, three indigenous strains of B. cereus MMIC 1, MMIC 2 and MMIC 3 were isolated and identified from the garden soil samples followed by their molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis. Phase II included the production of lipopeptide biosurfactants from these native strains using different agro-industrial wastes as carbon source. All three strains showed significant biosurfactant production potential. The optimum conditions for biosurfactant production were 37°C, 7th day of incubation, 0.5 % NaCl and pH 6.5. The corn steep liquor was found to be the best carbon source for the maximum yield. These biosurfactants were classified as cationic lipopeptides. The lipopeptide biosurfactants were safe/noncytotoxic, thermally stable (50°C) and tolerated acidity (pH=2). In Phase III, evaluation of these biosurfactants exhibited significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. Moreover, they also possessed excellent antifungal activity against A. niger and C. albicans and antiviral activity against NDV. The biosurfactants had the ability to emulsify olive oil, mustard oil and canola oil. They also showed very good antioxidant activity. Besides, they served as an excellent adjuvant in inactivated AIV-H9N2 vaccine and boosted humoral immune response of broiler and layer birds comparable to oil adjuvanted vaccine. Consequently, the study offers an insight for the exploration of new bioactive molecules from the soil. It was concluded that lipopeptide biosurfactants produced from three native strains of B. cereus may be recommended as safe bio-products in food and pharmaceutical industry over commercially available synthetic surfactants in future.