92. Al-Layl/The Night
I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
92:01
a. By the night when it covers,
92:02
a. and the daylight when it reveals its brightness.
92:03
a. And the One WHO created the male and the female.
92:04
a. Indeed, your endeavors in this life are diverse.
92:05
a. Consequently, as for the one who:
- gives out in the Cause of Allah, and
- fears Allah’s disobedience, and
92:06
a. affirms what is good/the best outcome of the righteous.
92:07
a. WE shall facilitate his way towards the state of ease- the paradise.
92:08
a. But as for the one who:
- is miserly with what is due to Allah, and
- considers oneself above the need of HIS bounties, and
92:09
a. denies and belies what is beautiful/the best,
92:10
a. for him WE shall facilitate the way towards the state of hardship - distress of Hell.
92:11
a. And his amassing of wealth will not benefit him when he perishes.
Surah 92 * Al-Layl 741
92:12
a. Surely, it is upon US to guide,
92:13
a. and, indeed, to US belong the end of this life and the beginning of the next life.
92:14
a. So I warn you all of a Blazing Fire,
92:15
a. which none will experience it except the most wretched of all people:
92:16
a. the one who would persistently deny and belie...
Urdu Dissertations of Islamic Studies on Semitic Religions (MPhil, PhD) in Pakistani Universities: An Index and Bibliometric Review Study of religions or Comparative Religions is a globally significance subject. Pakistan is also resourceful in this field. In many universities, there are special departments on this valuable subject. It is taught as compulsory course at BS & MA level in the departments of Isalmic studies in all universities. In many universities it’s also taught at MPhil and PhD level, some of them have produced hundreds of MS and PhDs dissertations on this subject. Due to its importance, it was a dire need to review and compile the titles of theses and dissertations, which are produced from the universities on the subject. In this study, efforts are made to review and compile a comprehensive index of such theses at MPhil and PhD level from Pakistani universities with statistical analysis. Due to its huge amount, the data is divided into two major types, Semitic and non-Semitic religions. The current study covers only Semitic/ Revealed and related topics. The word Semitic refers to the race of the son of Prophet Noah (A.S) or the areas where this race was spread and grew. Semitic Religions consists of; Judaism, Christianity and Islam. In this study, Biblometric approach is adopted with mix method approach. Total 393 theses of Islamic Studies on Semitic Religions are compiled and statistically evaluated in this paper. The study concludes that a good deal of literature and dissertations are available in Pakistani universities on Comparative Religions and Interfaith Studies. It is recommended that contents of theses should be analyzed for improvement of the Study of Religions in Pakistan
Deciphering In Vitro Regeneration Capabilities of Wheat and Investigations of Genetic Transformation in Wheat and Barley An efficient and reliable genetic transformation system is imperative for the improvement of food grains such as wheat and barley. While wheat transformation is complex due to its larger genome and high ploidy level, the barley has a limiting factor of genotypic dependency. In addition, cereals are known to be recalcitrant towards callus induction and regeneration. The biological processes behind in vitro response are complex and poorly understood. Selection of responsive genotypes and suitable media for tissue culture are important for genetic transformation. Mature embryos of wheat cultivars, lines and special stocks were used to evaluate genotypic and chromosomal response to tissue culture with variable concentrations of 2, 4-D in MS-medium. Similarly, different concentrations of IAA, BAP and Kinetin were used to find optimum combinations for regeneration. Specific expression vector pBRACT 214-NDPK2 carrying NDPK2 gene was used to compare relative Agrobacterium mediated transformation efficiency in wheat and barley. Significant differences were found among mean values of calli obtained under different concentrations of 2, 4-D for the tested wheat cultivars and lines. Callus induction frequency varied widely with genotype and exogenous auxin source ranging from 21% (Chenab 2000) to 94% (Atta Habib) at 1 and 2 mg/L of 2, 4-D, respectively. Most responsive cultivars and lines were Atta Habib, Siran, Iqbal 2000, Inqalab 2000, Marvi 2000, CIITADSW2, CIITADSW4, CIITADSW5 and CIITADSW9 which yielded maximum calli in a minimum time period of four weeks. It was found that from genome A the chromosomes 1A, 2A showed marked effect on callus induction, while from B and D genome the chromosome 3B, 7B, 2D, 4D and 6D were found responsible for the callus induction response. Based on the information from the response of substitution lines, the gene responsible for tissue culture response can be marked on to the individual chromosomes. Most efficient regeneration response was shown in Atta Habib followed by Siran and Chenab 2000 respectively. Wheat line CIITADSW5 showed significantly highest regeneration potential of 31% followed by CIITADSW1, CIITADSW4, CIITADSW5 and CIITADSW9 each with 25%. Both wheat and barley showed different responses towards callus induction and regeneration. Both embryogenic and non embryogenic calli were found in wheat with significantly greater tendency for embryogenecity in barley. The barley transformed lines showed good response on the regeneration medium as compared to wheat. PCR analysis of putative transformants using genomic DNA analyses showed a promising transformation response in barley with 27% transformation efficiency opposed to wheat where no true transgenic was obtained in any cultivar used in this study. The protocol developed and optimized for wheat and barley transformation will greatly help in crop improvement programme through genetic engineering especially in diploid relatives of cereals. Findings of this study suggested that callus induction and regeneration were genotype and hormones dependent, but independent of each other.