Life of Shāh Walī Allāh
Shāh Walī Allāh has written an article titled “al- Juz’ al- Laṭīf fī tarjamat al- ‘Abd al-Ẓa‘īf” in his book “Anfās al ‘Ārifīn” in which he has described his life history. Following are the events of his life as narrated by him:
“I was born on Wednesday 4thShawwāl, 1114 A. H at sunrise… Parents and other saints had received the intuitions about me even before and after my birth. I was sent to Maktab at the age of five and when I was about seven my father made me offer prayers and commanded me to observe fast. In the same year, circumcision was done and after having finished the Qur’ān I took up studying books in Arabic and Persian. At the age of ten, I was going through “Sharaḥ Mullā” and during that time the field of studies opened up for me. I was married at fourteen as my father had desired an early wedding…. I gave my hand to my father’s hand at the age of fifteen and got busy taking up Ashghāl-e-Ṣufīah, especially the Mashā’ikh-e-Naqshband. I set up my spiritual discourse after having sought their attention and motivation to acquire the grooming about norms of religious practices and spiritual uplift through Sufiism. In the same year, I studied a part of Beḍāvī Sharīf and then my father arranged a general feast where he accorded me permission to deliver dars. In short, I learned all the disciplines of that area (‘Ulūm-e-Mutadāwalah) at the age of fifteen and went through all the books linked with these fields in chronological order. In the field of Ḥadīth, leaving aside its part from Kitāb al-bay‘ upto Kitāb al-ādāb, I went through the remaining complete Mishkāt, Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī upto Kitāb al-ṭahārah...
The examination of tax compliance expenses is becoming more relevant, revealing a complex challenge that involves both national and international fiscal policies. This matter is closely linked to tax evasion and avoidance, and its consequences could distort taxpayers' economic choices. Against this background, the study focuses on the impact of profit tax on the operational outcomes of the 'Fortalecida Abel Santamaría Cuadrado' Credit and Services Cooperative, which operates within the sugarcane sector in Camagüey, Cuba. The research uses both qualitative and quantitative methodologies to investigate this issue. The study aims to provide a detailed understanding of how tax compliance costs affect the cooperative in question by implementing a tripartite procedure that uses mathematical techniques and relative frequency analysis. A key finding from this investigation is the negative impact resulting from the exclusion of advance salary payments as deductible expenses in tax calculations. This finding highlights a critical area for fiscal policy reform as the policy oversight is identified as a source of financial strain for the cooperative. The implications of this discovery are far-reaching, indicating that similar cooperatives and businesses within Cuba (and possibly in comparable economic contexts) may also be experiencing analogous fiscal burdens.
Based on these insights, the study recommends the creation of customized methodologies to accurately measure tax compliance costs in the Cuban context. These methodologies should consider the distinctive socio-economic and regulatory features that define the Cuban economy, allowing for more precise evaluations of tax-related burdens on businesses. Furthermore, this research invites broader contemplation on the intersection of tax policy and business sustainability, particularly within sectors that are crucial to national economies but may be vulnerable to strict tax regimes. It emphasizes the need for a balanced approach to tax legislation that protects revenue interests without impeding economic vitality.
The present research work was carried out in Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan during 2011-14. Laboratory experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with five replications to determine growth inhibition, toxic and repellent effect of some indigenous plant materials against pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.). Neem (Azadirachta indica) seed and leaf, bakain (Melia azedarach) seed, turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizome, tumha (Citrullus colocynthis) fruit, kaner (Nerium oleander) leaf, harmal (Peganum harmala) and panir (Withania coagulans) seed were evaluated at the application rate of 3.0% in different formulations. The most effective plant material in each experiment was further evaluated using different concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 0.025% for optimum control of the pest. Neem seed powder exhibited significantly highest oviposition deterrence (91.27%), adult inhibition (99.25%) and repellency (67.02%) against the pest. Chickpea grains treated with this powder showed significantly lowest damage (0.49%) and weight loss (0.26%). Bakain seed powder caused maximum (20.24%) mortality of the pest after 72 hours of exposure time. Studies on efficacy of different concentrations of neem seed powder showed that it effectively inhibited oviposition and adult emergence of the pest up to 0.4% concentration, showing optimum oviposition deterrence (51.20%), adult inhibition (80.62%) and significantly lowest (21.41 and 8.64%) damage and weight loss of chickpea grains compared to control. The same powder provided optimum (51.36%) repellency at 2.0% concentration. Among aqueous extracts, bakain seed provided significantly highest oviposition deterrence (61.25%) and adult inhibition (77.40%) against the pest. Chickpea grains treated with this extract showed lowest damage (41.80%) and weight loss (12.85%) compared to control. The same extract caused maximum (47.21 and 44.70%) mortality of the pest after 72 hours by grain treatment and topical application respectively. Aqueous extracts of neem seed and leaf exhibited maximum (22.88 and 22.81%) repellency against the pest. The results further depicted that bakain seed extract retained antiovipositional and adult inhibition activity up to 2.0% concentration and provided optimum oviposition deterrence (52.53%), adult inhibition (67.91%), lowest grain damage (42.90%) and weight loss (13.02%) compared to control. However, this extract could not show prominent toxicity at lower concentrations. A gradual decrease in its efficacy was observed with a decrease in its concentration. Methanolic extract of neem leaf provided significantly highest oviposition deterrence (72.34%), adult inhibition (80.13%), lowest damage (26.53%) and weight loss (8.70%) of chickpea grains. The same extract provided 10.75, 14.58 and 5.49% mortality of the pest after 72 hours by grain treatment, topical application and filter paper treatment respectively. Harmal seed extract showed maximum (48.28%) repellency against the pest. All the tested concentrations of neem leaf extract were effective against the pest. However, it provided optimum oviposition deterrence (51.47%) and adult inhibition (68.41%) at 0.1% concentration. Chickpea grains treated with this concentration showed significantly less damage (29.77%) and weight loss (9.69%) compared to control. While harmal seed extract could not retain repellency at lower concentrations and exhibited 47.03, 41.93, 34.73, 27.24 and 14.53% repellency at 2.5, 2.0, 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5% concentrations respectively. Acetone extract of neem seed provided significantly highest oviposition deterrence (84.11%), adult inhibition (99.40%), lowest damage (1.46%) and weight loss (0.75%) of chickpea grains, while bakain seed extract exhibited significantly highest (67.88%) repellency against the pest. Topical application of panir and neem seed extracts caused 17.82 and 13.14% mortality of adult insects respectively after 72 hours of treatment. The effective threshold concentration of neem seed extract was 0.2%, which provided optimum oviposition deterrence (53.99%), adult inhibition (54.06%), lowest damage (27.32%) and weight loss (9.23%) of chickpea grains, while bakain seed extract exhibited optimum (51.25%) repellency at 1.0% concentration. Among hexane extracts of different plant materials, neem seed provided significantly highest oviposition deterrence (93.34%), adult inhibition (98.36%) and repellency (77.43%) against the pest. The grains treated with this extract showed significantly lowest (11.64 and 0.20%) damage and weight loss respectively. Turmeric rhizome extract caused 16.88, 22.23 and 10.07% mortality of the pest after 72 hours by grain treatment, topical application and filter paper treatment respectively. The effective threshold concentration of neem seed extract was 0.1%, which provided optimum oviposition deterrence (51.40%), adult inhibition (52.46%) and repellency (50.06%) against the pest. Chickpea grains treated with this concentration showed significantly lowest damage (27.49%) and weight loss (9.80%) compared to control. On the basis of aforementioned results, it is concluded that neem seed powder, aqueous extract of bakain seed, methanolic extract of neem leaf, acetone extracts of neem and bakain seed, while hexane extract of neem seed were highly effective against the pest. These plant products can successfully be used in the management of pulse beetle (C. chinensis) during storage of chickpea grains.