Geopolitical Dynamics: Syria's Diplomatic En-deavors in a Complex Region

 In order to prevent tensions, promote economic cooperation, and obstruct regional integration, the document emphasizes the importance of territorial and economic disputes within the Syria Territory. It highlights how diplomacy plays a key role in reaching agreements and resolving these conflicts. Regarding Syria's position regarding Israel, diplomatic endeavors are essential for resolving more general geopolitical issues. Syria's strategic location makes it a key player in trade routes, and diplomatic initiatives are aimed at ensuring economic benefits and regional stability. Syria's diplomatic landscape is further shaped by Russian support, which offers political backing in international negotiations. The Geneva Conference, Astana, and Sochi processes are important platforms for tackling the complex issues at hand, bringing together regional and international players to identify all-encompassing solutions. Overall, the document elucidates how diplomacy not only addresses territorial and economic concerns within Syria but also navigates the complexities of the broader geopolitical context, such as Syria's role in the Arab-Israeli conflict and its economic aspirations linked to trade routes. It highlights various diplomatic initiatives that can promote stability, prosperity, and mutual benefits while also fostering regional integration. Policymakers who want to use diplomatic means to advance peace and stability in this region will find this information useful. Keywords: Syria, Diplomacy, Geneva, Astana, and Sochi.

Teachers Role in Developing Students Oral Proficiency in English As Foreign Language Efl Class

Teaching and learning English as a foreign language (EFL) in Pakistan revolves around reading and writing. In most classrooms listening and speaking skills are ignored. The reason of focusing on reading and writing is that only these two skills are assessed in examination. Although the ability to speak English is widely considered a key to upward social mobility, yet there is no serious effort being made to help students develop oral proficiency in schools. Given the importance of oral proficiency in EFL, this study was conducted to understand how teachers could facilitate its development in our context. This study showed that learners' strategies such as the use of first language for literal translation, code switching, self correction, imitation and experimentation with new vocabulary contribute a lot to develop their oral proficiency. In my attempt to find out how teachers can build upon these strategies, I came across a number of dilemmas and tensions, in making decisions about when to focus on fluency or accuracy, how much code switching to allow, and what, when and how to correct errors. The use of pictorial representations in oral language activities created a challenge as students used them differently than what was planned. More vocal students' dominant behavior raised equity issue. I learnt that EFL teachers have to pull together all the strings of this complex web in making decisions that create a balance between accuracy and fluency. Moreover Pakistani teachers also need to work toward increasing their own proficiency in oral language and to develop own resources to teach oral language.