مولانا مفتی محمد عتیق فرنگی محلی
مولانا مفتی محمد عتیق کا سانحہ وفات بھی مذہبی اور علمی حلقوں کے لئے باعث رنج و افسوس ہے، ہر چند کہ وہ عمر طبعی کو پہنچ چکے تھے، اور عرصہ سے بیمار رہتے تھے لیکن اس قحط الرجال کے زمانہ میں ان کا دم بساغنیمت تھا، وہ فرنگی محل کے اس خانوادہ سے تعلق رکھتے تھے، جس نے کئی سو برس سے تعلیم و تدریس، تصنیف و تالیف اور ارشاد و ہدایت کی شمع روشن رکھی ہے، اس خاندان کے فیوض و برکات سے ہندوستان ہی نہیں بلکہ دوسرے ممالک بھی مستفید ہوتے رہے ہیں۔
ملا نظام الدین کا مجوزہ نصاب تعلیم ایسا مقبول ہوا کہ سینکڑوں برس سے عربی مدارس میں رائج ہے، اور درس نظامی کی تکمیل دستار فضیلت کے حصول کے لئے ضروری سمجھی جاتی ہے، اس دو ڈھائی سو برس میں ساری دنیا میں انقلاب برپا ہوگیا، اور تعلیمی نصاب میں غیرمعمولی ردوبدل ہوا، لیکن ہندوستان میں عربی مدارس کی بڑی تعداد اب بھی درس نظامی پر جمی ہوئی ہے، یہ ملا نظام الدین اور ان کے جانشینوں کے خلوص اور کمال علم و عمل کا اثر ہے کہ عوام و خواص سب اس خاندان کی حلقہ بگوشی کو باعث فخر سمجھتے رہے، مل بحرالعلوم نے جب جنوبی ہند کا رخ کیا تو نواب ارکاٹ استقبال کے لئے آگے بڑھے اور ان کی پالکی کو کاندھا دیا۔
مولانا محمد عتیق صاحب اسی خاندان عالی کے ایک ممتاز فرد تھے، اس خاندان میں علم و عمل کا ایسا اجتماع رہا کہ فرنگی محل دارالعلوم کہلایا، ملا نظام الدین علمی کمال کے ساتھ شاہ عبدالرزاق ہانسوی سے ارادت رکھتے تھے، اس طرح اس خاندان میں علم و معرفت، معقول و منقول اور فقرو درویشی کا ہمیشہ اجتماع رہا۔ مغربی علوم و فنون کی چمک دمک سے سبھی...
Erick Hobsbawm (d.2012) was a Marxist historian, a professor of history at Birkbeck College, University of London, where he taught till the end of his life. Birkbeck is an evening college where most of the students belong to the working class and continue with studies to improve their educational qualifications. Conscious of the condition of students who attended his lectures after a hard day of physical labour, he devised lectures on the history of Europe to create emancipatory thought. His four books use history as a tool to comprehend present-day Europe. They are titled The Age of Capital, The Age of Industrial Revolution, The Age of Revolution and The Age of Extreme. Besides these four books, he has published a number of papers and essays that attempt to build a new historical consciousness. There are other progressive historians besides Hobsbawm who believe that history can be liberating if it is not written in the service of the rulers of the time. It is also not a static and depressing account of the past but is dynamic and constantly changing. While history tells the story of unjust rulers and the institutions they created, it also reveals how the rulers and their unjust institutions meet their end. The reign of absolute kingship where the king was considered the Viceregal God, brutal military dictatorships, and exploitative economic systems that lasted for centuries with the aim of torturing and subduing the common working people were all destroyed over time, especially when people joined forces and resisted them to gradually establish a just order.
Many germplasm of Pisum sativum have been screen for estimation of genetic diversity, cluster plating and gene linkages. Little attention has been given to the development of homozygous lines from single seed descent method in pea. In the present study 24 pea lines were evaluated, out of 24 lines, 20 pre-developed novel lines of Pisum sativum were achieved through single seed descent method from the cross of Falloner and 11760-3ER. In parental combination, Falloner (female) was dwarf, bushy tendrils, leafless, no anthocyanin pigmentation, creamy flower, green pod, creamy seed color, smooth seed shape, disease resistant and low yielding. Whereas, 11760- 3ER (male) was tall, normal tendrils, leaflet present, anthocyanin pigmentation present, purple flower, purple pod, brown seed color, rough seed shape, disease susceptible and high yielding. The control lines for comparative performance was Climex (PL-22) and local cultivar (PL-21). All the selected pea lines were evaluated through morphological and molecular markers in order to select high yielding and powdery mildew resistant novel lines. These lines were further screened for estimation of genetic diversity and genetic linkages. In morphological traits analysis 9 qualitative and 22 quantitative traits were studied. Based on quantitative traits analysis, two novel high yielding and disease resistant pea lines (PL-4 and PL-5) were selected for seed certification. The grain yield of PL-4 and PL-5 is significantly (p< 0.05) high as compared to PL- 21 and PL-22. Regarding traits association, "seed coat with anthocyanin pigmentation" showed genetic linkage with "pigmentation on flower and leaf axil" and vice versa. Interestingly, the cluster analysis grouped "tall/low yielding", "dwarf/low yielding", "tall/high yielding", "dwarf/high yielding" pea lines independently. For molecular characterization, 20 RAPD and 85 SSR markers were screened to estimate genetic diversity and genetic linkage. The RAPD markers amplified 69 bands out of which 95.6% bands were polymorphic. The similarity indexes were ranging from 0.43 to 0.88%. Furthermore, out of 85 SSR markers, 12 showed genetic polymorphism and produced an average of 2 alleles per SSR locus. The polymorphism information content (PIC) values of SSR markers ranged from 0.08 to 0.47, with an average of 0.33. Nei’s genetic distance (GD) between accessions ranged from 0.10 to 0.92. Among the total used SSR primers, only P628 SSR marker showed significant linkage with grain yield traits at 90.91% probability. The linkage of the marker was reconfirmed through Chi-square test and showed r = 0.918 (P ≤0.00) genetic linkage. This markers can be directly utilized in MAS breeding for the selection of high yielding edible pea lines.