قاضی عبدالغفار
افسوس ہے کہ گذشتہ مہینہ ہماری پرانی علمی و تہذیبی بزم کی ایک اور روشن شمع خاموش ہوگئی، اور قاضی عبدالغفار صاحب نے موت و حیات کی طویل کشمکش کے بعد ۱۷؍ جنوری کو انتقال کیا، وہ ہماری بزم کہن کی اہم یادگار، حکیم اجمل خاں کے ندیم خاص، مولانا محمد علی کے ہمدم و ہمراز، مولانا ابوالکلام کے ہم نشین، ایک تجربہ کار صحافی اور صاحبِ طرز ادیب تھے، چمنستانِ ادب اور خارزار صحافت دونوں میں ان کے قلم کی روانی یکساں تھی اور طنز لطیف میں تو آپ اپنی مثال تھے، ہماری زبان میں ان کے ’’ہلکے ہلکے اشارے‘‘ طنز و ظرافت کے شرارے اور اردو ادب کے شہ پارے ہوتے تھے۔
وہ پرانے قوم پرست اور وطن پرور تھے، ترک موالات اور خلافت کی تحریکوں میں سرگرمی سے حصہ لیا، اس کے بعد بھی صحافت کے دائرے کے اندر ایک عر صہ تک ملکی سیاست میں حصہ لیتے رہے اور مختلف اوقات میں کلکتہ، دہلی اور حیدرآباد سے مختلف اخبارات جمہود، صباح اور پیام نکالے، ہمدرد میں مولانا محمد علی مرحوم کے دستِ راست تھے، ۱۹۲۲ء میں دوسرے وفد خلافت کے سکریٹری کی حیثیت سے لندن گئے تھے، ان کی کتاب نقش فرنگ اس سفر کا دلآویز مرقع ہے، وہ فطری ادیب تھے، ان کی کوئی تحریر ادب کی چاشنی سے خالی نہ ہو تی تھی، انجمن ترقی اردو کے دوبارہ قیام کے بعد اس کے جنرل سکریٹری ہوگئے تھے، بلکہ پہلی انجمن کے خاتمہ کے بعد دوبارہ ان ہی نے اس کو زندہ کیا تھا، اور اسکے ذریعہ آخر دم تک اردو کے لیے لڑتے رہے، اس صوبہ میں اردو کو جو حقوق بھی ملے ہیں اس میں انجمن کو بڑا دخل ہے۔
قاضی صاحب میں جدت و قدامت کا بڑا لطیف امتزاج تھا، وہ خیالات میں ترقی پسند تھے، لیکن...
Abstract This research motivated by the findings of learning obstacles experienced students in material around square. This is known based on the results of test questions conducted during preliminary study to fourth grade elementary school students. To overcome learning obstacles experienced by students, researchers will design a didactic design. The purpose of this study is to describe the didactic design on the material around square and describe the students' responses the implementation of didactic design. The didactic design can be interpreted learning design that emphasizes the didactic aspect, namely the teacher's teaching method. This study uses method with a Didactical Design Research (DDR) research design consisting of three research stages, namely a prospective analysis of the didactic situation before learning (prospective analysis) in the form of a Hypothetical Didactic Design including ADP (Pedagogical Didactic Analysis), metapedadidactive analysis, and retrospective analysis (retrospective analysis), with data collection techniques used in the form of interviews, observations, and attitude scales. The research subjects were 26 students in grades IV and VI and 1 teacher for grade IV at SDN 1 Sindangrasa. Based on results of study, through application of the didactic design carried out in stages I and II, can help overcome learning obstacles experienced by students in the material around a square. This is shown from the students' responses on the attitude scale, results of the LAS (Student Activity Sheet) work and interviews with teachers. In addition, didactic design is able to create a fun and meaningful learning atmosphere for students. Keywords: learning obstacle, didactical design research, square, meaningful learning, LAS Abstrak Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya temuan learning obstacle yang dialami siswa pada materi keliling persegi. Hal ini diketahui berdasarkan hasil soal tes yang dilakukan pada saat studi pendahuluan kepada siswa kelas IV Sekolah Dasar. Untuk mengatasi learning obstacle yang dialami siswa, peneliti akan merancang sebuah desain didaktis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan desain didaktis pada materi keliling persegi serta memaparkan respon siswa dan guru terhadap implementasi desain didaktis tersebut. Desain didaktis dapat diartikan sebagai desain pembelajaran yang lebih menekankan pada aspek didaktik yakni cara pengajaran guru. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Didactical Design Research (DDR) yang terdiri dari tiga tahap penelitian, yakni analisis situasi didaktis sebelum pembelajaran (prospective analysis) berupa Desain Didaktis Hipotesis termasuk ADP (Analisis Didaktis Pedagogis), analisis metapedadidaktif, dan analisis retrospektif (retrospective analysis), dengan teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan berupa wawancara, observasi, dan skala sikap. Subjek penelitian yaitu 26 siswa kelas IV dan VI serta 1 guru kelas IV SDN 1 Sindangrasa. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, melalui penerapan desain didaktis yang dilakukan pada tahap I dan II dapat membantu mengatasi learning obstacle yang dialami siswa pada materi keliling persegi. Hal ini ditunjukkan dari respon siswa pada skala sikap, hasil pengerjaan LAS (Lembar Aktivitas Siswa) serta wawancara terhadap guru. Selain itu, desain didaktis mampu menciptakan suasana pembelajaran yang menyenangkan dan bermakna bagi siswa. Kata kunci : hambatan belajar, desain didaktis, persegi, pembelajaran bermakna, LAS
Premise of the research- Drought stress perturbs the normal mineral-nutrient relations of plants that lead to reduced plant growth and results significant losses in crop yields. Various plant minerals have been known to be involved in stress amelioration, however reports regarding the effects of boron (B) and calcium (Ca2+) on maize (Zea mays L.) under drought are scant. Methodology- A series of laboratory, wire-house and field experiments were conducted. In laboratory experiments eight spring maize hybrids were germinated in petri plates under polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) induced osmotic stress @ -0.2, -0.4, -0.6 and -0.8 MPa, and two water stress levels at 100% water-holding capacity (WHC) and 30% WHC. The wire-house / rain-out shelter study was done to optimize the foliar rate for B and Ca2+ supplies; one drought-tolerant (Dekalb-6525) and sensitive (Yousafwala Hybrid) maize cultivars selected from previous laboratory experiments were sprayed with distilled water (control) and B solutions at 2, 4 and 6 mg L-1 and Ca2+ solutions at 20, 40 and 60 mg L-1 under normal and water-deficit conditions. Furthermore, one drought tolerant and sensitive maize hybrids were sprayed with optimized rate of B (4 mg L-1), Ca2+ (40 mg L-1) and their combinations to evaluate their growth, physiological, biochemical and yield responses under both normal and water deficit conditions in a wire-house and field experiment. Pivotal results- The maize cultivars tested on the basis of germination and seedling growth revealed that cultivar, Dekalb-6525 performed better under water-deficit conditions, therefore categorized as drought-tolerant, whereas Yousafwala Hybrid was identified as drought-sensitive on the basis of its poor performance. Drought stress brings considerable growth inhibition and disturbance in gas exchange characteristics, leaf water relations, light harvesting pigments and osmolyte accumulation by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) content and imbalancing of antioxidant system. Foliar treatment of B (4 mg L-1), Ca2+ (40 mg L-1) and their combinations considerably improved maize growth, photosynthesis, chlorophyll contents, water status as well as activities of antioxidants along with a decline in MDA accumulation in both cultivars under water-deficit conditions. However, optimum mineral nutrient supply markedly reduced accumulation of proline and total soluble proteins. In addition, foliar sprays of Ca2+ and B+Ca2+ substantially improved the content of total free amino acids and total soluble sugars, however B application noticeably reduced their accumulations as compared to control. Drought treatment considerably reduced the uptake of B and Ca2+, whereas foliar sprays of these nutrients alone and in combinations notably increased their concentrations in maize leaf tissues. Considerably improved growth rate, photosynthesis, water status, pigment contents, osmolyte accumulation as well as increased antioxidant activities along with decline in MDA accumulation was found to be key contributors to a stress-tolerant genotype to thrive under limited-water supply. Afterwards in a field study, foliar B and Ca2+ supplies significantly improved the vegetative and reproductive growth of both cultivars and caused improve grain weight and yield. Conclusion- From this study, it was likely to suggest that screening for drought tolerance at initial growth phases and their further improvement by foliar B and Ca supplies are effective approaches to make plants vigorous to thrive under limited water supply.