Suppressing the Level of Corruption in Kampar District: A Study of The Impact of Accountability, Audit Opinions, Publication of Financial Statements, Audit Results And Follow-Up Of Audit Results

This study aims to evaluate the effects of accountability, audit opinion, financial statement disclosure, audit findings, and follow-up on audit results in reducing corruption levels within the Regional Apparatus Organization (OPD) of Kampar Regency. Conducted through a survey method, the study utilized a purposive sample of 50 accounting and finance professionals to achieve its objectives. Consistent with the research objectives, this study adheres to a conventional academic structure, utilizing clear and objective language, precise technical terminology, and a logical progression of ideas presented in a balanced manner. Primary data was collected via questionnaire distribution. Multiple linear regression tests were utilized to analyze the data. Results indicate that accountability, audit opinion, financial statement disclosure, audit findings, and follow-up of audit results significantly suppress the level of corruption in the Kampar district. It is imperative to follow up on audits to maintain transparency and accountability in the district. Based on simultaneous testing, the evidence suggests that factors such as accountability, audit opinion, disclosure of financial statements, audit findings, and follow-up on audit results play a role in reducing the incidence of corruption in Kampar district, in 2023.

Mathematical Analysis of Transmission and Control of Hiv/Aids in Different Regions of Pakistan

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was first acknowledged in the world in 1981. Highly Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was recognized as a cause of AIDS in 1983. By that time, nearly 96,000 people were living with HIV in Pakistan. The epidemic is of great public health concern because HIV is infectious and causes severe morbidity and death at last. However, successful treatment of HIV/AIDS requires high levels of adherence to prescribed medications. Epidemiologically, there are two approaches to control widespread disease—prevention and treatment. Although there is no cure, treatment exists that has transformed this disease from an acutely lethal infection into a manageable chronic illness. Therefore, the vision of this thesis, to build up mathematical models that can explain the spatial division of HIV/AIDS in Pakistan and gives assurance of treatment adherence within the country. For this purpose, we will study spatial cluster and autocorrelation analysis including trend surface analysis, semivariogram and different types of kriging etc. with the help of ArcGIS 10. We are also interested to study the HIV infection rate in Pakistan using mathematical statistics techniques that will be very helpful to produce maps of risk areas. Multilevel models will be performed using WinBUGS(c) for the significant spatial effects and relative risk factors in explaining the variation of HIV/AIDS. Thus, the areas with high risk can indicate typically and it is to be helpful for health policy makers, manage quick risk assessment and resource allocation. We will also try to make a model to express some major drug with their side effects and high levels of adherence to prescribed medications by using fuzzy matrix theory which is one of the best tools to analyze raw data involving elusiveness. Lastly, examines the biological consequences and public health implication of poor adherence in order to highlight the severity of this problem. We are also interested to make a comparative study model to improve the understanding level of the people about intervention of the disease and motivate them to change their risk behavior and social norms. Awareness to disease can help people to adopt suitable preventive procedures to keep themselves away from the risk.