پنڈت رام ناتھ کنزرو
دوسرا حادثہ پنڈت رام ناتھ کنزرو کی وفات کا ہے، وہ پنڈت ہردے ناتھ کنزرو صدر سروینٹل آف انڈیا سوسائٹی و انجمن ترقی اردو ہند کے بڑے بھائی، پرانے کشمیری پنڈتوں کی طرح ہماری پرانی مشترک تہذیب کا نمونہ اور اردو زبان کے بڑے شیدائی تھے، جامعہ اردو علی گڑھ کے امیر بھی تھے، ان کی وفات سے اردو کا ایک بڑا حامی و مددگار اٹھ گیا، اور قدیم تہذیب و شرافت کی ایک یادگار مٹ گئی اب اس دور انقلاب میں ایسے نمونے نہ پیدا ہوں گے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی،فروری ۱۹۷۲)
According to Islamic Jurists the main objectives, or purpose of Islamic Law (Shariah) are the preservation of faith, life, intellect, progeny, and wealth. These five purposes are designated as necessities of life and these are the primary purposes of the Shariah (Islamic Law). Protection of faith is the first and foremost objective of the Islamic Law as the Quran clearly mentions worship of Allah as the purpose of creation of human being. Protection of life is the second purpose and according to Islamic teachings human life is sacred. The Quran clearly forbids taking human life of a person without justification. Protection of Intellect is the third purpose as human being has been given superiority over other creatures by virtue of intellect and reason. A Person with sound mind and intellect can think, act, react well, this is why Islam prohibits all kinds of intoxicants because they are harmful and may disturb faculty of reasoning. Protection of Progeny is the fourth purpose as Islam emphasizes on the establishment of lawful relationship between man and woman. It is the foundation for the establishment of a value-based society. Islam considers unlawful relation harmful for individuals and community. This is the reason that Islam prohibits adultery. Protection of wealth is the fifth purpose and the Islamic teachings’ emphasis on acquisition of wealth by lawful means. While the Quran enjoins that one should not earn wealth by unlawful means. These dharurat (necessities are followed by the hajat (needs) and thasinat (complementary values). However the scope of these purposes goes beyond them and they include protection of civilization, culture, establishing peace, harmony, security, elimination of violence, maintenance of equality, and so on. In this article all these five kinds of dharurat (necessities) have been elaborated while in the last portion a review has been carried out for their relevance and implementation in the contemporary era.
A Stylistic Analysis of The Headlines of Leading Pakistani English Dailies This research is based on the stylistics analysis of the headlines of Pakistan's English language newspapers. It is a purely descriptive study and has employed the theoretical framework of Chomsky's Transformational Generative Grammar. Many concomitant newspapers publish a common piece of news with stylistically different composition of words yet convey the same piece of information. This research has aimed to prove that newspaper headlines of Pakistani English dailies emerge under the influence of Noam Chomsky's Transformational Rules to produce quality headlines. In its philosophical aspect, this research is deductive and quantitative hence follows the positivist paradigm. A stylistic analysis of headlines of three Pakistani English dailies; Dawn, the News, and the Express Tribune, is conducted. The researcher has applied Chomsky's Transformational Processes (deletion, addition, substitution, rearrangement) (Chomsky N., 1967) and the Generative Transformations as stated by Nilsen in "Transformational Process; an oversimplified review" (Nilsen, 1977) on the headlines of the chosen dailies. He has found that the headlines are stylistically different yet represent the same piece of news, as Generative Transformations represent that a common idea or issue can be conveyed using stylistic variations. Headlines are compiled in the form of sets (34 sets) from the three dailies. The headlines of Dawn are used as untransformed headlines and are compared with the Express Tribune (Part I) and the News (Part II) as transformed headlines. Tree diagrams have been used to show the presence of transformations. ANOVA and T test are applied and sufficient evidence of the presence of stylistic transformationsisfound.ThissuccessfulpresenceofTransformationalProcessofGenerative Transformations has proved that the Transformational Generative Grammar is applicable to study that stylistic variations enable headlines of newspapers to share a common issue.