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Handoff between homogeneous and non-homogeneous mobile network environment

Thesis Info

Author

Zia Mansoor

Department

Department of Electronic Engineering

Program

MS

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2008

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Electronic Engineering

Language

English

Other

MS 621.381548 ZIH

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676723348524

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شق القمر

انشق القمر
اقتربت الساعۃ وانشق القمر(قیامت قریب آگئی اور چاند پھٹ گیا)
جمہور مفسرین کے نزدیک اس سے مراد وہی انشقاق القمر ہے جو جان دو عالم ﷺ کے عہد میں بطور معجزہ رونما ہوا ۔ بعض مفسرین رائے کے مطابق اس انشقاق سے مراد وہ انشقاق ہے جو قیامت قائم ہونے کے وقت رونما ہو گا کیونکہ آیت کریمہ میں اس سے پہلے قیامت کے قریب ہونے کا ذکر ہے اس لیے ظاہر ہے کہ انشقاق بھی وہی مراد ہو گا جو قرب قیامت کی نشانی ہے ۔ اس رائے پر یہ اعتراض وارد ہوتا ہے کہ قیامت کے نزدیک جو انشقاق ہو گا وہ تو مستقبل میں ہوگا ، اگر وہ مراد ہوتا تو مستقبل پر دلالت کرنے والا کوئی صیغہ لایا جاتا یعنی چاند پھٹ جائے گا ، جبکہ قرآن مجید میں اس انشقاق کا ذکر ماضی کے صیغہ سے کیا گیا ہے یعنی چاند پھٹ گیا ، اس لیے اس سے مراد قرب قیامت والا انشقاق نہیں ہو سکتا ۔ اس کا جواب ان مفسرین نے یہ دیا ہے کہ مستقبل میں جس چیز کا وقوع یقینی ہو ، اس کو اللہ تعالیٰ کبھی کبھی ماضی کے صیغے سے ذکر کر دیتا ہے اور اس سے مقصود یہ بتانا ہو تا ہے کہ اس چیز کا واقع ہونا اتنا متیقن ہے کہ گویا واقع ہو چکی ہے ۔ جس طرح اللہ تعالیٰ قیامت کو ’’ امر اللہ ‘‘ سے تعبیر کرتے ہوئے ارشاد فرماتا ہے اتی امراللہ ط اللہ کا حکم ، یعنی قیامت آ گئی ہے حالانکہ قیامت مستقبل میں آئے گی مگر متیقنا الوقوع ہونے کی وجہ صیغہ ماضی کے ساتھ اس کا ذکر کیا گیا ہے ۔ یہی صورت ۔۔۔ْ چاند پھٹ گیا ۔۔۔ میں بھی ہے ۔ یہ جواب نہایت معقول ہے اور اگر مسئلہ صرف اسی آیت...

اسلام کا قانون سدذرائع اور اصلاح معاشرہ

Forming Islamic Society, a dutiful, lawful and culturly civilized society; religion of Islam presents many rules and laws. One those beautiful laws are Saddu Zara’i (prevention law from means, leading to prevented things in Islam). It helps stop unlawful activities by using legal means. If a cultural change drives Muslim away from the objectives of Islam, it will alter that person to Islamic law. In betterment of society andmorality and ethics of people, Saddu Zara’i has great influence. If this law of Sharia leads to something good without damaging the objectives of Sharia, it will be accepted. This article discusses concept, meaning and the study of Saddu Zara’i and its importance and influence in reforming social and ethical values of society. It is illustrated by example of various scholars of Islam. It also discusses the different opinions of Islamic Jurisprudential scholars on Saddu Zara’i. The authors of this paper, then, deliberate its use for its applications to solve the new problems being faced by the Muslims across the world related to ethics and reformation of society.

Emotional Labor, Employees Affective States and Job Satisfaction: Role of Supervisory Support

The present research was carried out to study the emotional labor strategies and its association with job satisfaction and employees’ affective states among customer services employees.The primary objective of the study was to find out the relationship between three strategies of emotional labor i.e., surface acting, deep acting, and genuine expression of emotions with job satisfaction and affective states of employees. It was also aimed at addressing the dimensionality of emotional labor construct through establishing its validity in local settings. It further investigated the mechanism by exploring role of affective states as a mediator between the relationship of emotional labor and job satisfaction as well as the moderating effects of supervisory support on these mediated relationships. The present research was completed in two independent studies i.e., study-I and study–II. The study-1 was related to the adaptation and validation of instruments. Forward translation method was used to translate the scales into Urdu language and committee approach was conducted to select the best translation. These scales were then administered to 145 customer services employees from banking sector with the aim of establishing their psychometric properties. Only those employees were selected who had at least 14 years of education and six month of job experience on current job. The results of the empirical evaluation establish the initial validity of these scales through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and with item-to-total correlations. Psychometric properties of these translated scales indicated that these scales are internally consistent and valid instruments to administer on a sample of Pakistani customer services employees. Study–II (Main study) was conducted on the sample of 493 bank employees with a minimum of 14 years of education and at least six month of job experience on the present job. Firstly, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to further assess the initial factor ix structure of instruments being adapted in study-I. Multiple regression analysis, and conditional process analysis were used to test the study hypotheses. The results indicated that emotional labor strategies i.e, surface acting, deep acting, and genuine expression of emotions have significant association with job satisfaction and affective states.Results further highlighted that surface acting is negatively associated with job satisfaction and negative affective state whereas genuine expression of emotions is positively associated with job satisfaction and positive affective state. However, deep acting is positively associated with positive affective state but showed a non significant association with job satisfaction. Results further depicted that affect (positive/ negative) significantly mediated the relationships of emotional labor strategies with job satisfaction. To be more specific, negative affective state significantly mediated the negative relationship of surface acting and job satisfaction. Whereas, positive affective state significantly mediated the relationships of deep acting and job satisfaction. Similarly, both the positive and negative affective states were found to be the significant mediators between the relationships of genuine expression of emotions and job satisfaction. The results of the moderated mediation models suggested that strength of mediated relationship of genuine expression of emotions with job satisfaction increases with the presence of supervisory support. However, reverse buffering effect of supervisory support was found in the moderated mediated models of surface acting and job satisfaction. Whereas, supervisory support did not turn out to be a significant moderator between the indirect relationship of deep acting and job satisfaction.Findings of the study are discussed in light of deducing implications for improving emotional management of bank employees.