کُتبِ اُصول حدیث اکیسویں صدی میں ؛ایک تعارفی جائزہ An Introductory Review of the Books written on ‘Usūl e Ḥadīth in 2ist Century

Muslims are a unique nation in the world who have shown unparalleled activism in preserving their sayings and relics. Caution was in view from day one. The simple precautionary measures taken in the early days later took the form of theology. In the beginning, the principles and rules of this knowledge did not exist in a disciplined form, although the scholars of Muḥaddithin adhered to the basic principles of this knowledge from the very beginning. However, references to these principles were to be found in the books of the pious. In the 4th Hijri, the scholars of Muhaddithin compiled the previous scattered work on the art of the principle of Ḥadith. Now these comprehensive definitions and terms are before us in a systematic and disciplined form in the books of ‘Usūl e Ḥadīth. In this short essay, the definition and necessity and importance of Hadith and ‘Usūl e Ḥadīth have been highlighted and also an introductory review of books written on ‘Usūl e Ḥadīth th and their authors and authors has been presented. Which indicates this. How strict were the rules and regulations of the Muslim Ummah for examining the authenticity and text of the Holy Hadith and how did they separate the authentic, weak and subject matter of the hadiths and write their separate books? And how hard they have worked to promote art.

Similarity Identification and Measurement Between Two Web Ontologies

Nowadays, the web is the main collection of information resources but the retrieval of relevant and precise information from the web is a serious problem. The reason of this problem is the way web-contents are stored and formalized. With the realization of the ontology-based web, it is being tried to overcome this problem, but the ontologies may themselves suffer from heterogeneity when they are simultaneously used. Then, a need arises to identify and measure the similarity between concepts of those ontologies to overcome the said problem. Many investigators did work on this problem but still some issues need to be addressed. In this dissertation, a semi-automatic technique has been proposed for similarity identification and measurement between two web ontologies. The explicit semantics of concepts, in addition to their linguistic and taxonomic characteristics, is the key consideration and feature of the proposed technique. This proposed technique identifies all candidate pairs of similar concepts without omitting any similar-pair. The semantic relations and degree of similarity computed from new criteria, make the technique well-suited with the theme of semantic web. This technique can be used with different types of operations on ontology such as merging, mapping and aligning. We have implemented the proposed technique in Java, and validated it through different case studies. By comparing and analyzing the results of these case studies, a reasonable improvement in terms of completeness, correctness and overall quality of results, has been found.