پروفیسر ہیکل
ماہ اگست میں علمی دنیا کا سب سے بڑا حادثہ پروفیسر ہیکل کی وفات ہوا، پروفیسر موصوف ڈارون و ہکسلی کا ہمعصر، اور بہ لحاظ شہرت و وقعت ان کا ہمسر تھا۔ وفات کے وقت اس کی عمر ۸۵ سال سے متجاوز تھی، ہیکل کا وطن جرمنی تھا، لیکن اس کی عظمت تمام دنیا میں مسلّم تھی اور سائنس کی دنیا میں کوئی شخص اگر اس وقت استاذ الاساتذہ کی حیثیت رکھتا تھا، تو ہیکل تھا، اس کا اصلی مضمون بیالوجی (علم الحیات) تھا، جس میں، اسے متعدد اکتشافات و مجتہدانہ نظریات کا شرف حاصل ہے، لیکن اس کے علاوہ فلسفہ وغیرہ میں بھی اس کی تصانیف موجود ہیں۔ اس کی مشہور کتاب اردو میں بھی ’’معمائے کائنات‘‘ کے عنوان سے زیر ترجمہ ہے۔ (سید سليمان ندوی، اکتوبر ۱۹۱۹ء)
During the Arab Rule in Sindh, there had been great and featured research work in all fields of Islamic knowledge particularly in the field of Qurʾān, Hadīth and biography of Prophet Muḥammad PBUH. After the Arabs, The Kalhora’s period is known as the golden period of education, literature and civilization in the history of Sindh. Prior to this, the scholars of Sindh had written various voluminous works on Islamic knwoledge in Arabic and Persian. During this period, a movement initiated amongst the scholars of Sindh, which encouraged them for writing and compiling books in local Sindhi Language inspite of vernacular Arabian and Persian languages. As such, a remarkable work of authorship and compilation had been made in various fields including Islamic studies in general and in the field of biography of Hazrat Muḥammad PBUH, which thereafter remained continued in the days of Talpur’s, British Rule and till to date. This paper is the analytical survey of Sīrah Literature being produced in Sindh from 1947 to 2015 CE in local Sindhi Language.
The research work describes the synthesis and characterization of compounds containing cyclic and heterocyclic moieties, Phthalimide and phenyl amide compounds aiming at search of new candidates to battle with microorganisms. Thanks to metals for being the charm of medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry since many decades. To widen this search, 15 potential ligands were synthesized. Compounds containing phthalimide moieties (HL1-HL6) were synthesized by the reaction of various anilines with phthalic anhydride. The compounds were isolated in pure form and checked by TLC and had sharp melting points. The single crystal structures of the compounds were also reported and discussed. Then the compounds were treated with metal salts e.g, Zn (II), Fe (III), Cu (II), Sb (III) and as a result thirty four new metal complexes were synthesized. Further, phenylamide derivatives (HL7-HL11) were synthesized by reacting anilines with acetic anhydride. HL12-HL15 were synthesized by reacting substituted anilines with maleic anhydride and succinic anhydride. Forty new complexes of these amides with metals e,g Zn (II), Fe (III), Cu (II) and Sb (III) have been synthesized. All of the synthesized complexes were heat, air and moisture stable, but during the synthesis moisture and air were avoided to prevent the oxidation of the compounds using standard Schlenk line and glove box techniques. The stability profile augments the link between organometallics and drug design and discovery. The purity of all synthesized compounds was conventionally monitored with the help of TLC in different solvents. All synthesized compounds and their complexes with transition metals were characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, GC-MS, 1H and 13 C-NMR spectroscopy. The structures were finally confirmed with the help of single crystal structures. All synthesized compounds and their metal complexes were evaluated for their carbonic anhydrase inhibition, intestinal alkaline phosphatase inhibition, antileshminial, anti oxidant, cytotoxic and antibacterial activities. The results of these bioassays are also reported and discussed in detail. The phenylamide ligands showed good carbonic anhydrase inhibition, as compared to phthalimides ligands. Further, the activity was enhanced by 40-60% in case of antimony complexes but the zinc complexes have shown slightly less carbonic anhydrase inhibition. Similarly, the complexes of antimony with amide ligands have shown excellent IAP inhibitory activities, while the zinc complexes have shown a maximum potential against IAP inhibition. Although most of the compounds are found to be good antileshminial inhibitors, the results have proved that the metal complexes of Zn, Cu and especially Sb have increased activities as compared to parent free ligands. Additionally, the said complexes also showed enhanced cytotoxic activities against BHK-21 and H-157 cell lines. The antibacterial activity against Gram –ve and Gram +ve bacteria were outstanding in case of metal complexes with the phthalimide ligand HL2. Results of antibacterial screening of compounds as percent inhibition against bacteria are reported. Overall, these newly synthesized metal complexes have provided important candidates for drug discovery. These candidates may be improved to be used as drugs, having enhanced pharmacological action.