المنھج اللغوي في التفسير و تاريخه

The Holy Quran was revealed in Arabic Language, it is, therefore necessary to seek Arabic Diction to gain the direct guidance from it. The companions of Holy Prophetr, Tabeen, and the reverent Imams strictly rebuked those interpreters who interpret the Holy Quran without having command over Arabic Language. The verses of Quran that are clear in comprehension, explicit and easy, do require the source of interpretation as “Arabic Diction”. This method highlights the positive trends to Arabic Diction. But in the matter of ambiguity and resemblance in verses and deduction of Masael, this Diction will be given second priority. Mere Diction and Arabic Socio-Diction may not be titled as most authentic. Diction is not the ‘last word. ’ The very first priority will be given to the verses of Quran, Hadith e Nabvi and Quotations of Companions of Holy Prophetr. The companions themselves were the native Arabs but they used to do consult some Quranic terms with the Holy Prophetr. As time passed, some strayed sects and atheists ignored this positive trend (Tafseer-bil-Mathur), and accustomed a new trend of interpretation of Holy Quran i. E. Depending upon Arabic Diction only so that they may endorse their own thoughts. It was a negative source of interpreting the Holy Quran i. E. Only by Arabic Diction. The present article explores its historical perspectives after evaluating its negative trends. The Motazila sect got this trend nourished. The representing interpretations of Holy Quran of this trend have been analyzed in this article. At the end, Molana Ameen Ahsan Islahi’s approach to Diction and his Tafseer ‘Tadabbur e Quran’ has been evaluated.

Modulation in Growth, Physiological and Biochemical Attributes of Sunflower Helianthus Annuus L. by Gr24 Application under Saline Stress

Keeping in view the emerging role of a recently discovered phytohormone, strigolactones (GR24), experiments were carried-out to explore whether GR24 could alleviate the nastiest impact of salinity on spring sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Two experiments, the first as pre-sowing and second as foliar spray were held during the months of February to May, in the year 2015 and 2016 in the Botanical Garden of the University of Agricuture, Faisalabad. In the first experiment, achenes of sunflower hybrids (FH-593 and FH-596) were primed in GR24 solutions i.e. 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 mg L-1 for 16 hours. Two salt stress levels, 0 mM (Control) and 120 mM NaCl was applied to twenty four days old plants. Salt stress considerably reduced growth, leaf water relations, pigments, gas exchange attributes, mineral nutrients and yield parameters. GR24 treated achenes showed improvement in growth, water use efficiency and yield attributes except 100 achene weight and achene number per plant. Salt stress augmented the secondary metabolites, antioxidants and compatible solutes for defensive purpose, ROS and sodium accretion as stress marker. Pre-achene treatment with GR24 further accumulated carotenoid, antioxidants, organic osmolytes, anthocyanin, hydrogen peroxide, and shoot potassium and calcium in both hybrids of sunflower under non-saline and saline environment. During second experiment, 36 days old plants of sunflower were sprayed with GR24 (0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 mg L-1). Salt stress reduced growth attributes, gas exchange parameters and photosynthetic pigments significantly. GR24 enhanced growth and gas exchange attributes except stomatal conductance and net CO2 assimilation rate, activities of non-enzymatic as well as enzymatic antioxidants, secondary metabolites and osmolytes, GR24 foliar application enhanced glutathione reductase and peroxidase, ascorbic acid, soluble phenolics, organic osmolytes, ROS, secondary metabolites, free proline, total soluble sugars, glycinebetaine, saponin, tannin, free amino acids. GR24 treatment as foliar application only enhanced shoot potassium and calcium. GR24 spray accelerated achene yield and head diameter only. Sunflower hybrid FH-596 performance was better than FH-593.