موضوع3:زبان کیا ہے؟ زبان کے معنی ومفہوم، تاریخ و اہمیت
انسان اور انسانی خیالات میں اگر اس کا مطالعہ کیا جائے تو ہمیں پتہ چلتا ہے کہ انسان بچپن سے لے کر لڑکپن جوانی بڑھاپے اور اور اپنی عمر کے آخری لمحے تک زبان کا استعمال کسی نہ کسی صورت کرتا ہے۔ مثلا۔جب بچے کو کھانے پینے کی حاجت ہوتی ہے تو وہ بچہ جو بول کر اپنا مدعا بیان نہیں کرسکتاجیسے کہ بڑے کرسکتے ہیں مگر اس کے باوجود و ہ ہاتھوں کے اشاروں سے یا ٹانگوں کے اشاروں کی مدد سے مختلف حرکات سے مدد لیتا ہے۔
بچہ اشاروں اور حرکات کے ذریعے سے دوسروں کو متوجہ کرتا ہے۔ما ںاس کے اشاروں کو سمجھتی ہے۔ماں تھپکی یا لوری دے کر سلا دیتی ہے۔بڑا ہونے کے بعد وہ چیزوں کو مختلف نام دینا شروع کردیتا ہے اور پھر وہ وہی نام قبول کر لیتا ہے جو معاشرے میں رائج ہوتا ہے۔وہ معاشرے میں اپنے آس پاس کی زبان سن لیتا ہے۔اگروہ عام لوگوں سے متعلقہ ہے تو اس کی زبان بھی عام لوگوں جیسی ہوگی اگر خاص ہوتو اس کا اثر زبان پر پڑے گا۔زبان انسان کی ذہنی و جسمانی نشوونما اور فکری ارتقاء اورجسمانی بالیدگی کے ساتھ ابتدائی مراحل طے کرتی ہے۔
بچہ وہی زبان سیکھتا ہے جو اس کے اردگرد بولی جاتی ہے۔ معاشرے کا ہرفرد زبان کو اپنے دائرے اور وسعت عملی کے مطابق استعمال کرتا ہے۔اگر اس کاواسطہ عام لوگوں سے ہے تو اس کی زبان الفاظ بھی ویسے ہی ہوں گے۔اگر وہ کسی مخصوص شعبے سے تعلق رکھتا ہے تو اس کی زبان بھی ویسی ہی ہوگی۔یہ آس پاس کے ماحول پرمنحصر ہوتاہے۔
ادب اور سائنس کے لوگ ہیں ان کی زبان میں فرق ہوگا۔ادبیات سے تعلق رکھنے والے شخص کی زبان مختلف ہوگی۔سائنس کے شعبے سے تعلق رکھنے والے شخص...
Dr. Israr Ahmed was a great thinker, intellectual and a reformer. He was diverse scholar and took inspiration from a great and diverse spectrum of sholars like Dr. Allama Iqbal and Dr. Rafiuddin; Abul Aa’la Maoudoodi and Abul Kalam Azad; Hameed uddin Farahi and Amin Ahsan Islahi and Sheikh ul Hind Maulana Mahmood ul Hasan and Shiekh ul Islam Maulana Shabbir Ahmed Usmani. His thought and wisdom was quite influenced by these people. We trace out this remarkable and renowned sholar’s rendered his educational, authorial and religious services. For this purpose Dr. Israr Ahmed started his mission with lecture of Quran. Soon, his lectures were well known throughout the country. He established a great institute namely ‘Markazi Anjuman e Khudaam ul Quran’ in Lahore in order to render educational, authorial and religious services in an organized manner. To spread reformative and preaching services in a better way, he established a party with the name of ‘Tanzeem e Islam Pakistan’In view of his great services, especially in the field of Holy Quran, we may mark him as great scholar of twentieth centur
This study examines the various aspects of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Pakistan. This research study is based upon three important empirical areas like major determinants of total FDI in Pakistan, major determinants of foreign direct investment in Services Sector of Pakistan, and Major determinants of FDI in Commodity-Producing sector of Pakistan. Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test was applied to check the stationarity of data and then for estimation, Co-integration and Error Correction Model (ECM) has been used through well-known software, Micro fit (version 4.0). First section of the study examines the overall impact of FDI inflows into the economy of Pakistan, by using annual time series data for the period of 1971-2008. Results indicate that Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF), Degree of Trade Openness (TO) and Inflation rate (INF) are statistically significant with positive signs, whereas Current Account Balance (CAB) is also found statically significant with negative sign. Study also reveals that Debt servicing and Gross Domestic Product found statistically insignificant and it seems that these variables have no significant impact on FDI inflows into Pakistan. Second section of the study examines the key determinants of FDI inflows in Services sector of Pakistan, using time series data (quarterly) for the period of 1996Q 1 -2008Q 4 . This study reveals that GDFCF, INF and PC are found statistically significant with positive signs. CAB and ER are also statistically significant with negative signs. Whereas trade openness (TO) is found statistically insignificant but with negative sign. Third section of the study examines the major economic determinants of FDI inflows in commodity-producing sector of Pakistan, by using time series data (quarterly) covering the period of 1996Q 1 -2008Q 4. This study explores that all these variables are found statistically significant with positive signs. It seems that these variables have significant impact on FDI inflows into Pakistan in commodity-producing sector. Finally, this study concludes that FDI and economic development are part and parcel of each other. So, it is inevitable for Pakistan to boost up economic growth in order to attract FDI and also rationalize investment policies to induce foreign investors in Pakistan. As Pakistan must do more sincere efforts to make it an ideal investment location among South Asian countries, so it is a need of the hour to prove that Pakistan is ideal destination for investment not only in Services sector but it is equally important and attractive location for commodity-producing sector. Although, Pakistan has vibrant areas for investment in commodity-producing sector such as, manufacturing, power and energy, oil and gas, construction, chemicals, fertilizers etc. but for the last few years, most of the FDI inflows have been surged in Service-related sectors. To chuck out this label, GOP should do more efforts to create the image of country as “an important location for investment in commodity-producing sector as well”.