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ڈاکٹر رحمت علی شادؔ
جینے کے ڈھنگ تیری جدائی سکھا گئی
اور یاد تیری مجھ کو ہے شاعر بنا گئی
شہرِ فرید میں جنم لینے والے ڈاکٹر فہد ملک ایک خوش اخلاق،خوش لباس، خوش اطوار اور خوبرو نوجوان ہیں۔ جن کی پہچان کے دو بڑے حوالے ہیں۔ ایک یہ کہ وہ ایک فرض شناس میڈیکل ڈاکٹر ہیںاور دوسرا معتبر حوالہ یہ بھی ہے کہ وہ پاک پتن کے ابھرتے ہوئے ایک عمدہ لب و لہجے کے نووارد شاعر ہیں۔ شہرِ فرید کی ادبی روایت میں ایک خوش گوار اضافہ ثابت ہونے والے فہد ملک کے کلام میں فنی و فکری ہر دو طرح کی جھلکیاں بخوبی دیکھی جاسکتی ہیں۔
ڈاکٹر فہد ملک کی شاعری میں سادگی اور سلاست کا نصر نمایاں ہے۔ وہ کبھی لفاظی ،ثقیل اور بھاری بھرکم تراکیب کے چکر میں نہیں پڑتے ان کو جو بات کہنا ہوتی ہے بڑے سادہ اور موثر انداز میں کہہ دیتے ہیں۔ انھوں نے غزل کے ساتھ نظم بھی لکھی ہے جہاں انھوں نے نہ صرف خیال اور موضوع کو بہتر انداز میں بیان کیا ہے بل کہ عام فہم استعارات و تشبیہات ،اضافتیں، اشارے کنایے اور روایتی علامات بھی استعمال کی ہیں۔ ان کے خیالات منفرد اور لہجہ زود فہم ہے۔ وہ کوئی بھی خیال پیش کرتے ہیں تو اس کو الجھاتے نہیں۔بل کہ کھول کر بیان کر دیتے ہیں۔کسی بھی شاعر کے کلام میں سہلِ ممتنع کا استعمال ایک عمدہ خوبی سمجھا جاتا ہے۔ کیوں کہ بڑے بڑے موضوعات اور بڑی بڑی باتوں کو چند موزوں الفاظ میں بیان کر دینا کوئی آسان بات نہیں۔ چھوٹے چھوٹے مصرعوں میں ایک مکمل اور بھرپور مضمون کو بیان کرنا غیر معمولی بات ہے۔ فہد ملک کی شاعری میں بھی سہلِ ممتنع کی متعدد مثالیں موجود ہیں۔ سہلِ ممتنع کا انداز لیے...
In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful All the praises and thanks be to Allah Almighty, the Giver of bountiful blessings and gifts. Prayers and peace of Allah be upon the noble Prophet and upon his family and companions, the honorable followers. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī by Imām Abu Abdullah Muḥammad al-Bukhārī got great attention by Muslim scholars of the past and present time. Many scholars elaborated this book by adopting different methods. “Al-Kawākib Al-Darārī” by Imam Al-kirmānī is an old explanation of Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī. During studying “Fatḥ Al-Bārī” I found that Hafiz Ibn e Ḥajar has consulted “Al-Kawākib Al-Darārī” and quoted Imam Al-kirmānī’s commentary and added it. Al-hafiz Ibn e Ḥajar differs at many times with the opinions of Imam Al-kirmānī about the understanding of the statements and gestures in traditions. I wanted to study such analysis to check the right opinion after comparing statements of both Imams and by consulting with the statements of other scholars of this field. This article approves that judgments of Al-hafiz Ibn e Hajar about the understanding of the statements and gestures are more authentic than the opinions of Imam Al-kirmānī.
Introduction Clostridium perfringens presents persistent threat to the small animals in causing moderate to severe enterotoxemia. The pathogenicity of C. perfringens depends on the production of four major toxins. Therefore, typing of toxins elaborated by C. perfringens is essential. Specific toxin types are involved in causing particular enteric diseases in sheep and goats. Multiplex PCR has been introduced, which has the potential to detect the genes that code for these toxins. Also, the sensitivity and specificity of this method has been confirmed by amplification of specific target DNA under unique conditions. Therefore, the present project was designed to understand the molecular epidemiology of C. perfringens types isolated from sheep and goats. Objectives This study was carried out with following objectives: Ø To isolate, identify and characterize field strains of Clostridium perfringens isolated from sheep and goats in selected districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Ø To determine molecular epidemiology and heterogeneity of Clostridium species. Experimental Design It was an experimental study of two years duration, conducted at Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Isra University, Islamabad, Pakistan. vi Duration September 2013 to August 2015 Material & Methods Fecal samples were collected from healthy and diseased sheep and goats. Collected samples were cultured on cooked meat broth, blood agar and tryptose sulphite cycloserine agar. Biochemical characterization was carried out by using API 20A kits. Pure cultures of C. perfringens were used for DNA isolation by using spin column genomic DNA extraction kit. Isolated DNA was amplified by multiplex PCR with specific primers. Based on the length of the amplified fragments, bacterial strains were identified. The amplified DNA fragments were sequenced using Sanger dideoxy sequencing method. Alignment studies were carried out by using ClustalW, T-Coffee software. Results Results revealed that the major C. perfringens type among all healthy and diseased isolates was type A followed by type D. In addition to this, beta2 toxin was found in both healthy and diseased type A and D isolates. However the prevalence of beta2 toxin gene in diseased sheep and goat population was 64% as compared to 37% in healthy ones. The identified genes were found equally dispersed in both sheep and goat isolates. Nucleotide sequences of alpha, beta2 and epsilon gene revealed variations in the identified isolates. vii Conclusions It was concluded from this study that: Ø C. perfringens type A and D were prevalent in Punjab province of Pakistan while locally produced enterotoxemia vaccine did not include type A. Ø Nucleotide sequences of alpha, beta2 and epsilon gene revealed variations in the identified isolates which confirmed bacterial population heterogeneity. Ø Sequence analysis of the amplified cpb2 gene revealed two genetically different populations of the gene. Keywords Molecular epidemiology, C. perfringens, sheep, goats, multiplex PCR