PENDIDIKAN ISLAM PADA MASA RASULLAH SAW. (PERIODE MEKAH DAN MADINAH)

Islamic education today cannot be separated from Islamic education in Islamic classical era. The Prophet Muhammad has served as a central figure of Islamic education from Islamic classical era to modern Era. The implementation of Islamic education in the time of the Prophet Muhammad can be categorized into Meccan period and Medina Period. In Meccan period, the prophet  put emphasis on tawhid, who used to adhare to politism, to adhare to monotism, that is to believe in Allah the only God. The strategy of education employed by the prophet was secret in nature. Initially, he conducated Islamic education amongst the members of his family and his companions then  to more extended cummunity. In Mecca, the Prophet made the house of al-Arqam ibn Abi Al-Arqam, as the centre of  Islamic education.  In Medinan period, the prophet conducted more complex  Islamic  education  than that  he did in Mecca. Islamic education conducted to covered  (a) Islamic brotherhood; (b) social walfare education;   and (c) nation defence education. In this period, it was mosque that served as the centre of Islamic education.

Bio-Psychosocial Correlates of Healthy Experience of Aging Among Pakistani Older Adults

Owing to the rapid advancements in medical treatment and easy availability of health care services, people on average live longer than before. As a result the percentage of aging population has increased all over the world prompting developmental psychologists and health care professionals to study and explore the physical and psychosocial well-being and overall mental health of the older age cohorts. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to identify and explore the correlates and predictors of healthy experience of aging among older adults in indigenous context. The research was divided into two studies. In study I, a scale was developed to measure the healthy experience of aging among older adults. The factorial validity of the scale was determined on a sample of 400 older adults (men=220, women=180) with age range of 60 years and above,belonging from four urban areas of Punjab (i.e. Lahore, Islamabad, Khanewal and Mandi Bahaudin). Principal component analysis using varimax rotation resulted in Physical health, Psychological health, and Social engagement and Ego Integrity factor solution. Reliability analysis revealed that the scale had high internal consistency with cronbach‘s alpha of .84. The construct validity of the scale was also determined by calculating convergent and discriminant validity on a sample of 100 older adults. In study 2 , correlates and predictors of healthy experience of aging were measured by using HEAT scale , Ego Integrity scale ( Boylin, 1976 ),Perceived Well-being Scale ( Reker& Wong ,1995),Perceived Social Support scale ( Zimet& Farley ,1988 ) ,and The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale ( Underwood , 2006). Results of correlation analysis revealed that healthy experience of aging has significant correlation with social support, wellbeing, and spirituality. Moreover; regression analysis also showed social support, ego integrity and spirituality to be significant predictors of healthy experience of aging. This research has significant implications for the adaptation of healthy hobbies for older adults to minimize the risk of health deterioration and will also contribute to the existing indigenous literature in the area of developmental psychology.