مختلف مذاہب میں شہد کی افادیت، جدید سائنس کی روشنی میں تحقیقی جائزہ

This paper is the study of the fact that chief nutrition and health-relevant compounds in honey are carbohydrates, particularly glucose and fructose, which create it a superb energy resource for human. The honey comprises huge number of components in minor and trace level enzymes, proteins, minerals, vitamins and phenolic compounds, creating biological and nutritional effects like wound healing, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities. The usage of honey is commonly comprised by all cultural beliefs and religious. Honey is a natural liquid mentioned in religious books and accepted by all generations, traditions and civilizations in both ancients and modern era. More than 1400 years ago, honey is described a source of healing in the Quran and it is also mentioned as one of the foods of paradise

Molecular Characterization of Local Strains of Plasmodium Vivax Based on Pvcsp Gene

Plasmodium vivax is the most prevalent species and always remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity in endemic areas, accounting for at least 65 ? 70% of all cases happening in Pakistan. However, Pakistan is deadly lacking information about the structure, role in drug resistance and population of P.vivax species. To get knowledge about the parasitic origin and diversity of P.vivax, the study of its population genetics is necessary. The PvCsp gene is considered as highly polymorphic in nature and much important for the survival of P.vivax under severe pressures of the environment in different areas. Also for the development of vaccine, this gene has been identified as a potential candidate. The present study focused at the investigation of the structure of the P. vivax populace through the diversity of PvCsp gene. To get the nucleotides sequences of the PvCsp gene, DNA extraction, PCR and Sanger sequencing of P.vivaxsamples collected from local areas of Rawalpindi and Islamabad.The sequences were aligned and analyzed by using Geneious prime and Bio Edit software. The phylogenetic trees were constructed using ML tree and neighbor joining tree methods. Many nucleotide differences, repeats, deletions were found at different places in the PvCsp.The study provided a lot of information about the variations or mutations in the PvCsp gene of our localP.vivaxstrains. It is concluded that local P. vivax strains of federal area of Pakistan depicted significant variations as compared to the Reference sequences. Therefore\, it is suggested that prevailing P. vivax strains of federal areas of Pakistan might be categorized as a different strain which need further investigations.