A Videogrammetric Analysis of On Peak/Off Peak Traffic Density: A Case of Board Bazaar Peshawar

The increasing population is a growing issue in densely populated cities, which leads to an increase in transportation services. In this paper travel time delay due to stationary bottleneck was observed throughout the week in one of the densely populated cities of Pakistan i.e. Peshawar. Videogrammetry was implemented to obtain the recorded frames through the various days of the week. The recorded frames were then statistically analyzed to identify the travel delays in Board Bazaar Peshawar at a stationary bottleneck using SPSS and Statgraphics Software. The statistical analysis revealed a direct proportionality between traffic density and travel time, whereas an inverse proportionality was identified between traffic speed and traffic density. A high traffic density was observed on working days, whereas on the non-working days a reduced traffic density was observed. This study recommends a predictive target lane vehicular guidance system for a smooth traffic flow.

Information Transmission over Non-Markovian Quantum Channels

We study non-Markovian quantum systems for communication of quantum information. The quantum capacities of an exactly solvable spin-star system are analytically determined. Our results show that they strongly depend on the bath frequencies and system-bath coupling. The Ising spin-bath becomes noisy as the bath temperature is increased decreasing its capacity to transmit information. For random couplings and bath frequencies, recurrences of coherence are small in amplitude and rapidly die out. However, full periodic recurrences occur for equal coupling and frequencies. For small number of bath spins, the capacities are higher at low temperature. We also study two time-correlated non-unital channels for the transmission of classical and quantum information, provided limited or unlimited entanglement is shared prior to the communication. The noise over two successive uses of the channel is assumed to be time-correlated Markov noise. For amplitude-damping channel, the capacities exhibit strong dependence on channel memory. They decrease as the channel noise increases and reduce to zero when noise is maximum. However, our results show that the capacities are always non-zero, in the presence of channel memory. This is similar to the superactivation phenomenon. For perfect memory channel, the capacities acquire maximum value. Finally, we determine the entanglement-assisted classical capacity of generalized amplitude-damping channel. Our results show that depending on the channel noise and system-reservoir coupling, there exists a memory threshold. Below this threshold, the capacity decreases as channel memory increases. However, the capacity increases with memory beyond this threshold and is maximum for perfect memory channels.