اے۔ ڈی اظہر
اے۔ ڈی اظہر(۱۹۰۰۔۱۹۷۴ئ) کا اصل نام احمد دین ہے۔ لیکن اے۔ ڈی اظہر کے نام سے ادب کی دنیا میں شہرت پائی۔ آپ سیالکوٹ کے ایک چھوٹے گائوں ڈگرخورد میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آپ اردو کے ممتاز شاعر ‘ ادیب اور ماہرِ لسانیات تھے۔ آپ ملٹری اکائونٹس میں اعلی سرکاری افسر‘ سفارتکار‘ وزیر اقتصادیات‘ رکن قومی ترانہ انتخاب کمیٹی اور ہائی کمشنر آسٹریلیاجیسے عہدوں پر فائز رہے۔ اظہر کے والد ڈی۔ جی پاکستان ٹیلی ویژن رہے۔ اظہر شروع میں شاعری سے زیادہ صرف و نحو میں دلچسپی رکھتے تھے۔ عربی‘ فارسی اور کلاسیکی ادب پر اظہر کی وسیع نظر تھی۔ آپ اردو زبان سے دلی محبت‘ فکری مسائل و تحقیقی مہمات سے گہرا شغف اور پنجاب کی زندگی اور روایات سے والہانہ عشق رکھتے تھے۔ (۲۷۳)
اظہر کے تین شعری مجموعے ’’لذتِ آوارگی‘‘ ’’گریۂ پنہاں‘‘ اور ’’احوال واقعی‘‘ شائع ہو چکے ہیں لیکن انہیں ’’لذتِ آوارگی‘‘ کی وجہ سے شہرتِ دوام ملی ۔حفیظ جالندھری اظہر کے ادبی استاد اور دوست تھے۔ وہ ’’لذتِ آوارگی‘‘ پر منظوم تبصرہ کرتے ہوئے کہتے ہیں:
دیدہ ور اظہر بزورِ بازوئے نظارگی
ہے بغلگیرِ عروس لذتِ آوارگی
عمر کے اس مرحلے میں جلوہ ھائے رنگ رنگ
فکرِ اظہر سے نظر آنے لگے یکبارگی
لذتِ آوارگی اس کو نہیں ملتی حفیظ
جس کے ہاتھوں پر لکھی ہو بندگی بے چارگی(۲۷۴)
اظہر کی تخلیقات کا دامن خود ان کے ظرف کی کشادہ اور ان کی زندگی کی طرح متنوع ہے۔ ان کی تخلیقات جدید و قدیم کا حسین امتزاج ہیں۔ اظہر نے اپنے کلام کو اپنی علمیت کے بوجھ سے گراں بار نہیں کیا بلکہ تغزل کو قائم رکھا ہے۔ اپنے شگفتہ اور دل کش اسلوب کی وجہ سے موضوع کیسا ہی کیوں نہ ہو اسے سادہ اور آسان بنا دیتے ہیں۔ نمونے کے طور پر اے ۔ڈی اظہر کے کچھ اشعار...
This study aims to explore the relationship between perceived online social support, internet addiction, and psychological well-being among university students. A sample of 250 university students from different universities in Lahore was included in this study. A purposive sampling strategy was used to collect survey data using internationally standardized tools. Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Multiple Hierarchical Linear Regression results showed that two subscales of perceived online social support, friends, and family, had a significant positive relationship with psychological well-being among university students. Among predictors, the current level of the semester and one subscale of perceived online social support- family, emerged as a significant positive predictor of psychological well-being among university students. The study concludes that family and friends are integral to the psychological well-being of university students and interventions must be planned to ensure that university students living far from home and those with excessive workloads have sufficient online and offline time with family and friends for mental health and well-being.
Histone proteins wrap DNA around in small globular entities commonly known as nucleosomes. The post translational modifications to the histone tails are referred as histone modifications (HMs). The regulation of DNA in order to access the transcription machinery is epigenetically programmed by specific DNA and chromatin covalent modifications. HMs could either be present or absent at particular genomic loci and the combinatorial patterns of the specific modifications being addressed as ‘histone codes’, are believed to co-regulate significant biological processes. Regions defined by combinatorial patterns of marks can be referred to as chromatin states. Chromatin states associated with genomic locations correlate with specific functional elements as enhancers, transcription start sites, which can be exclusively inferred from successive combinations of chromatin marks in their contiguous locations. Biologically significant combinatorics of epigenetic modifications and their subsequent functional interplay are still mostly unrevealed. We aimed to use ChIP-Seq data of Histone modifications at different genomic loci to highlight the unbiased genomic grouping and to decode the complex biological network of HMs in association with other chromatin players in defining various chromatin states. We used different tools and techniques to accomplish our task. Complex biological networks underlying the hidden chromatin states were revealed via merging machine learning and graph theory existing approaches. Histone modification efficient and simple combinatorics was studied at a global and local scale by developing and implementing a clustering and biclustering tool. Results have been compared with the existing approaches. Meanwhile a simple and efficient computational methodology for efficient chromatin states identification for ChromHMM (HMM based chromatin segmentation) has also been developed by utilizing Hidden Markov Models components. As a result of above study we revealed the role of various factors in maintaining the chromatin state connectivity via focusing chromatin state networks. Our studies highlighted the minimum dominating nodes set and various hubs in chromatin state networks focusing their interaction patterns. Along with we developed and tested a clustering tool ChromClust and a biclustering tool ChromBiSim to highlight histone combinatorics in binarized signal data in an efficient and interactive way. ChromClust operates at global level while ChromBiSim mines local patterns of histone modifications associations. We conclude that epigenomic landscape is portrayed as interplay of various factors including histone combinations, transcription factors, chromatin modifiers and most importantly the underlying DNA motifs. Each chromatin state has a specific set of these factors which interact with each other to mark that state hence creating the whole chromatin states network.