غلام فرید کاٹھیا کے افسانے
( موضوعاتی مطالعہ)
سرزمین ساہیوال شروع ہی سے علم و ادب کے جگمگاتے ستاروں یعنی شاعروں، نثر نگاروں،سخن وروں، دانشوروں اور ادباء کا مرکز رہی ہے۔اس مٹی سے بہت سی نامور علمی و ادبی شخصیات نے جنم لیا۔ 60 کی دہائی میں ’’کیفے ڈی روز‘‘ دبستان ساہیوال والوں کے لیے ادبی سرگرمیوں کا ایک یادگار، اولین اور مرکزی ٹھکانہ تھا۔ شاعروں،دانشوروں،نثر نگاروں اور ادیبوں کی رات دیر تک کی بیٹھکوں کے سبب کیفے کی شامیں پر رونق رہتیں۔مجید امجد ،مراتب اختر،منیر نیازی ، ظفر اقبال،مصطفی زیدی و دیگر عظیم شاعروں اور دانشوروں کا ایک گروہ اپنے ادبی سفر کے لیے اسی دھرتی سے چلا اور بعد میں اردو ادب کے وقار کا باعث بنا۔ان شعراء و ادباء کے بعد 2000ء کی دہائی سے اب تک اس علمی سفر کو آگے بڑھانے والوں میں جہاں رزاق شاہد ،لقمان شیدائی،ڈاکٹر کاظم بخاری ، علی وارث انصاری ،محمود علی محمود ،سرفراز تبسم ، غضنفر عباس سید ،شہزاد انجم ،مرتضی ساجد ، جہانگیرقمر، اوصاف شیخ ، مشتاق عادل، فاروق اظہر، امین رضا، ناز کفیل گیلانی، قمر شفیق، مطلوب حسین ،عمران اسلم، سید علی ثانی، نعیم نقوی، مظفر حسین وڑائچ ، زاہد حسین رانا، ملک مہر علی، ندیم عباس اشرف، پیراظہر فرید، اسلم سحاب ہاشمی، بابرصغیر، سجاد نعیم، افتخار شفیع، شاہد رضوان، اختر خان، ریاض ہمدانی، علی اظہر خان، راحت جبیں، سعید خان، اورنگزیب ، رانی آکاش، حنا جمشید، بیگم افتخار نذیر، اللہ یار ثاقب، نورین کیانی اور دیگر شعراء و ادباء کے نام قابل ذکر ہیں،وہیں اس صف میں ہمیں ایک جدید اور بہترین اسلوب کے مالک افسانہ نگار ’’مہر غلام فرید کاٹھیا‘‘ بھی نظر آتے ہیں۔غلام فرید کاٹھیا نے اردو ادب میں بڑا نام کمایا، بڑی محنت اور لگن سے ادب کے لیے خدمات سر انجام دیں اور اردو ادب کے قابل قدر اسلوب...
In order to prevent tensions, promote economic cooperation, and obstruct regional integration, the document emphasizes the importance of territorial and economic disputes within the Syria Territory. It highlights how diplomacy plays a key role in reaching agreements and resolving these conflicts. Regarding Syria's position regarding Israel, diplomatic endeavors are essential for resolving more general geopolitical issues.
Syria's strategic location makes it a key player in trade routes, and diplomatic initiatives are aimed at ensuring economic benefits and regional stability. Syria's diplomatic landscape is further shaped by Russian support, which offers political backing in international negotiations. The Geneva Conference, Astana, and Sochi processes are important platforms for tackling the complex issues at hand, bringing together regional and international players to identify all-encompassing solutions.
Overall, the document elucidates how diplomacy not only addresses territorial and economic concerns within Syria but also navigates the complexities of the broader geopolitical context, such as Syria's role in the Arab-Israeli conflict and its economic aspirations linked to trade routes. It highlights various diplomatic initiatives that can promote stability, prosperity, and mutual benefits while also fostering regional integration. Policymakers who want to use diplomatic means to advance peace and stability in this region will find this information useful.
Keywords: Syria, Diplomacy, Geneva, Astana, and Sochi.
The present study was undertaken to determine the comparative prevalence of streak canal infections in buffalo and cow and to determine the comparative dimensional features of streak canal these two dairy species. In addition, comparative efficacy of partial or full insertion of teat cannula of a dry period antibiotic formulation in buffalo and cow was determined. Duplicate streak canal swab and quarter foremilk samples taken from 20 lactating buffaloes and 20 lactating cows were cultured and isolates identified. Length and width of streak canal of buffalo and cow (n = 20 each) was determined by Vernier caliper after incising the teats collected from abattoir. An in vivo comparative radiographic analysis of streak canal of buffaloes and cows (n = 20 each) was performed after infusion of 0.25ml of 5% barium sulphate into each teat followed by radiographic imaging and measurement of streak canal length and width from the image. In another phase of the study, efficacy of partial insertion vs. full insertion of teat cannula of a commercial cephapirin benzathine dry period antibiotic formulation (Cefa-Dri®) in the prevention of new intramammary infections and treatment of existing infections was evaluated on 20 buffaloes and 20 cows. Results: Seventy three (91.25%) and 59 (73.75%) of streak canal swab samples of cow and buffalo respectively were found infected. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent isolate both in cow and buffalo accounting respectively for 34 and 18 of total isolates (n = 106 for cow; n = 78 for buffalo) recovered from streak canal. Forty four (55%) and 18 (22.5%) of quarter foremilk samples of cow and buffalo respectively were infected. Staphylococcus aureus was the frequent isolate recovered from milk samples of both cows and buffaloes accounting respectively for 25.49% and 18.18% of total milk isolates. The mean values of streak canal length determined by Vernier caliper in cow and buffalo respectively were 9.78 ± 1.20 and 9.96 ± 1.44 mm whereas the mean width was 0.9 ± 0.12 and 0.98 ± 0.23 mm; both dimensions being non significantly different in the two dairy species. The mean length (9.34 ± 1.01mm) of streak canal of cow determined from radiographic image differed non- significantly (p = 0.105) from the mean length (9.97±1.36mm) of streak canal of buffalo. Similarly, mean width of streak canal of cow (0.9±0.09mm) differed non-significantly (p = 0.192) from the mean width of streak canal of buffalo (0.94±0.10mm). Thickness of epithelium of streak canal of buffalo (357.19 ± 4.8μ) was highly significantly (p = 0.001) more than thickness of epithelium of streak canal of cows (327.25±5.91μ). Similarly, thickness of keratin layer of streak canal of buffalo (154.7±6.34μ) was highly significantly (p = 0.001) greater than the thickness of keratin layer of streak canal of cow (101.3±4.11μ). As also was the case for muscle sphincter thickness around streak canal. Fürstenberg’s rosette folds were highly significantly (p = 0.001) thicker in buffalo (13.4±0.12) than in cow (12.75±0.2). Mitotic index of streak canal of cow and buffalo also differed significantly (p = 0.038); being greater in cow than in buffalo. Seventeen new intramammary quarters infections were detected in 40 quarters of cows treated by full insertion of dry intramammary treatment syringe (Cefa-Dri®, Forte Dodge, USA) cannula. The corresponding figure for 40 cow quarters treated by partial insertion of the same antibiotic dry period formulation was 6. Nine new intramammary infections developed over dry period in 40 quarters of buffaloes treated by full insertion of treatment syringe (Cefa-Dri®, Forte Dodge, USA) cannula. The corresponding figure for 40 buffalo quarters treated by partial insertion of the same antibiotic dry period formulation was 3. A total of 20 quarters of 10 cows were found infected by various mastitis pathogens at drying off in full insertion treatment group. Thirteen of these quarters were found cured after calving as no organism could be isolated from samples collected at calving and those collected biweekly for 3 months after calving. In the partial treatment group, of the 22 quarters, 18 were cured. Thus the cure rate (81.8%) in the partial insertion treatment group was significantly higher than in the full insertion treatment group in cows. Ten of the 14 (71.4%) infected quarters of buffaloes were cured when Cefa-Dri® intramammary tube was used by full insertion method. The corresponding cure rate by partial insertion of the same intramammary preparation was 84.6% (11 of 13 infected quarters being microbiological negative at calving as well as 3 months following calving of buffaloes). All in all, the results of comparative histomorphological examination of streak canal of cow and buffalo as well as the results of comparative efficacy trial of partial vs. full insertion of cannula of dry period antibiotic treatment syringe suggest that both the dairy species should be treated at drying off by using partial insertion of dry period intramammary antibiotic formulation.