روایتی بینکاری نظام کے ارتقائی مراحل کا تحقیقی جائزہ

The concept of keeping wealth in a safe place dates to centuries. Ancient civilizations had diverse means of storing wealth in the form of crops, cattle, precious metals etc. The evolution of modern banking practice began with the introduction of receipts which were exchanged against precious metals and coins deposited to goldsmiths for safe keeping. Whenever the need for payments and transactions arose the holder of the receipts used to utilize the receipts as guarantee. The society used to honor these receipts as they carried the same weight as other precious metals. Receipts were swapped in place of precious metals and thus for all practical purposes paper was introduced as currency in the society. With the advent of currency notes the system of traditional banking came into being. Since then the banking system has gone through continuous change. The present banking system is geared up to meet the present and the future requirements of modern age. In the contemporary world money is now being steadily replaced by banknotes, cheques, pay orders, bank draft, ATM cards, debit cards, credit cards, e-banking.

An Analytical Study of a Sense of Home and Identity of the Protagonist in Rachel Dewosking's Novel "Repeat After Me"

An Analytical Study of a Sense of Home and Identity of the Protagonist in Rachel Dewosking's Novel "Repeat After Me" This study has explored the narrator and protagonist Aysha's sufferings caused by her traumatic past (she underwent her parents' breakup in her teens), and analyzed and interpreted her search for a sense of home and identity in American writer Rachel DeWoskin's novel Repeat After Me. Her parents' breakup is a very painful and disturbing experience in Aysha's life, it estranges the whole family and gives Aysha a feeling of being abandoned. Moreover, she harbors a strong sense of guilt about the whole situation. These unpleasant emotions seriously affect her mental health as well as her personality and behavior, and she feels herself to be an outsider in her family and hometown New York. Nevertheless she is unconsciously seeking for a "sense of home" that is feelings of love, security, peace, belonging, etc, besides she is searching for a strong sense of identity. Her searches help her in the end to cure her own woes and trade her broke life with a better one eventually. This work is a literature-based research. It has been critically analyzed in the backdrop of psychoanalysis and identity theories. Psychoanalysis theory deals with psychological problems and addresses unconscious aspects of the people, and identity theory studies one's perception and expression of "Who one is?" and "Where does one belong?" Based on these theoretical frameworks, the researcher has described how Aysha's past interferes with her present, how she searches for a sense of home and finally gets free from her past, finds a strong sense of identity and understands herself. In addition to analyzing Aysha, the central character Da Ge is also analyzed briefly as he had parallel life experience as Aysha--both come from disturbed and broken families. The results reveal that the experience of family break up can be a terrible hardship for children, it can affect their emotional, physical, as well as psychological well-being. Aysha was hurt seriously, she is constantly searching for a sense of home and identity she lost in her teens. Finally, as a result of her search she overcomes her trauma and manages to lead a happy life.