Psychosocial Nurturing of Children in Islam

Psychosocial nurturing of children is linked with Parenting and personality development theories and child development theories too report evidences of influences of parenting on children nurturing. The purpose of this paper is to explore existing parenting styles in current literature and how these parenting styles influence upon and form the personality of the children in their early years. The paper aims to examine parenting with reference to authoritarian parenting, authoritative parenting, permissive parenting and uninvolved parenting. It discussed the expectations and responsiveness of the parents which determine their behavior and style. Through parenting, psychosocial nurturing of the children is determined and it was explained in existing literature and analyzed in Islamic teachings. The study followed a critical interpretivist method which examined the literature and conducted content analysis. The study examines the parenting concept and parenting style in Islamic teachings. Islam lays special emphasis on communication and attitude of the parents towards their children particularly in early childhood. Parenting style in Islamic teaching displays a loving and guiding mode. It is less demanding and more responsive in early years. Parenting in Islamic teaching encourages developing tolerance, harmony and peace. It shows flexibility to accept children’s dispositions and tries to discipline their inner faculties. Islamic teachings expect from parents to be responsive with love and passion. It gives children freedom to talk, walk, think and act in a carefree environment where they can become socially and emotionally strong. Parenting in Islam accepts children’s interests and attitudes with positive responses and respects their rights with warmth and love. It particularly develops moral awareness so that children can distinguish between right and wrong and also understand that they need to abide by rules and regulations. Lastly literature also reports that parenting in Islam does not allow any sort of harassment, coercion, frightening and unjust environment for the little angels.

Distillation Behavior of Various Parent and Chemically Dispersed Crude Oil: Comparison of Yields, Chemical Composition and Fuel Quality of Distillate Fractions

Crude oil after preliminary treatments is subjected to refining so as to get marketable products like naphtha, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, lubricating oil feed stock, furnace oil, etc. A large amount of asphalt/bitumen is left over as residue. Owing to its high viscosity, density and contamination by sediments as well as high asphaltene and resin contents, the residue cannot be directly used as a boiler fuel and instead used for non-fuel purposes. The global demand for energy continues and will increase over the next few decades as the world''s energy consumption will increase phenomenally in the next few decades. Alternative energy sources like nuclear and renewable energy have attracted much attention in the recent years, however, the main role of these sources, will be to supplant, rather than to substitute the fossil fuels. Therefore, major breakthroughs in the oil industry''s core science and engineering are needed so as to meet with the World''s growing energy demand for petro-fuels. The high yields of residue/residuum is an ongoing challenge at a refinery and economic & strategic reasons demands the exploitation of residual streams. Accordingly, the selection of proper processes may play a key role so as to cope with the challenge. The objective of the present thesis was to employ atmospheric distillation process using three crude oils dispersed with chemical surfactants in order to get lighter fuel fractions in high yields in comparison with the plain crudes (control). The thesis summarizes the characterization of the crude oils with respect to their key physicochemical properties including density (kg/m3), viscosity (mPa·s), API gravity, total acid number (mg KOH/g), and asphaltene contents (wt %). Chemical dispersants i.e. sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); a anionic surfactant, hexa decyltrimethylammonium bromide as cationic surfactant, and Triton-X as neutral surfactant were used. The crude oils investigated included paraffinic (denoted as RCP-I), naphthenic (denoted as RCN-II) xii and aromatic (denoted as RCA-III) Pakistani crudes. Each crude oil was spiked with the varying dispersant –to-oil ratios (5:100, 10:100, 15:100, 20:100, 25:100 and 30:100) and then subjected to atmospheric distillation. The distillation of each surfactantdispersed crude oil was carried out in comparative experiments with the plain crude oil so as to investigate the effect of each dispersant on the yield, chemical composition and fuel properties of the derived distillate fractions (F1, F2 and F3). The Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric analysis (GC-MS) was carried out in order to ascertain compositional stability of the distillate fractions. The desired fuel properties of the light fractions were also determined as per ASTM standards and compared with the generic gasoline and diesel fuel samples. Looking at the results, we conclude that using chemically dispersed crudes enabled to obtain better yields of the light distillate fractions in comparison with the control without disturbing the key fuel properties. Among the three crudes used, the SDS-dispersed RCA-III, CTAB-dispersed RCN-II andTriton-X-100-dispersed RCN-II crudes were more effective which gave significant increase in the yields of light distillate fractions and reduced the residues without disturbing the fuel quality criteria.