PEMBELAJARAN NILAI NILAI KARAKTER ISLAM MODERAT DI PERGURUAN TINGGI

This study discusses how to integrate the values ​​of moderate Islamic character in Islamic higher education institutions. Integration of the value of moderate Islamic character values ​​can be implemented through learning in all subjects in Islamic higher education. Integration of Islamic character values ​​can be done on all subjects in Islamic higher education by referring to the concepts, systems and theories of learning. Learning the value of moderate Islamic characters can give students a personality color better than before and can inspire lecturers as learners. In carrying out enlightenment and intelligence in shaping tough, courageous, honest, tolerant, responsible and consistent students, in order to answer the challenges of powerlessness and inability to build national identity, inability to reconstruct the nation's potential responsively and dynamically. The hope of the writer, with the integration of the value of moderate Islamic character in all courses in Islamic higher education, can be the basis for the formation of adherent behavior, and the value of character can be a declarator of glory on the face of the earth

A Comparative Analysis of Panel Unit Root Tests under a Single Framework

This study compare twenty four panel unit root tests belonging to the null hypothesis of unit root and null hypothesis of stationarity on the basis of size and power properties using Monte Carlo simulations. Eighteen tests having the null hypothesis of panel unit root and six tests having the null hypothesis of stationary have been compared using stringency criterion discussed by Zaman (1996) to make comparison under a unified framework. For this comparison, first size of all (unit root and stationary) tests have been stabilized around nominal size of 5% by using simulated critical value instead of asymptotic critical values. The critical values are computed by Monte Carlo simulations assuming different level of the cross section in the panel and different time series length. After equalizing size of all panel unit root tests, power comparison of tests have carried out for both categories of tests for two specification of deterministic parts: with intercept term and both with intercept and trend terms. A standard bench mark on the basis of maximum shortcomings is made to identify best, mediocre and worst tests before making comparison for fixed cross section units with varying level of time series and vice versa. It is observed that De Wachter, Harris and Tzavalis (DWH); Im, Pesaran, and Shin (IPS); Levin, Lu, and Chu (LLC); and Westerlund (WT) tests having the null hypothesis of panel unit root are found to be best at small, medium, and large samples. The second category tests having the null hypothesis of stationary have concluded Hadri (HD) and Hadri and Larsson (HL) tests as the best performing tests as compared to other stationary tests in the both specification of deterministic cases. Empirical evaluation of best performing panel unit root tests have been carried out using purchasing power parity hypothesis on the basis of bootstrap method for sixteen OECD countries. The results of empirical study justify simulation study results for the best performing tests on the basis of empirical power.