سیاسی نظریہ
ناطق کیونکہ تاریخ کے آدمی ہیں اور ان کا کہنا ہے کہ تاریخ ہمیں دانش دیتی ہے۔اس لیے تاریخی رنگ ان میں نمایاں نظرآتا ہے۔ان کی شاعری اور نثر دونوں میں تاریخی رنگ پایا جاتا ہے۔عام طور پر شاعری میں اور خصوصاً غزل میں تاریخ کا پایا جانا کسی شاعر کے ہاں بہت کم دیکھا گیاہے لیکن ناطق نے شاعری میں خصوصاً اپنی غزلیات میں تاریخ کو شامل حال رکھا ہے، سیاست کا رنگ غالب نظر آتا ہے۔انہوں نے اپنی نظموں میں بھی سیاست کو موضوع بنایا ہے۔
ناطق نے چونکہ بہت اسفار کیے ہیں اس لیے وہ ملکی وغیر ملکی ثقافت کو بہت قریب سے جانتے ہیں۔ ان کی نظموں میں بھی ملکی وغیر ملکی سیاست کا ذکر ملتاہے۔اس سے پہلے دیکھا جائے تو شاعروں نے سیاست میں مارشل لا اور سیاسی اتار چڑھاؤ کو موضوع بنایا ہے جمہوریت اور آمریت پر بھی قلم اٹھایا گیا ہے۔لیکن انہوں نے ملکی وغیر ملکی سیاست پر بھی قلم اٹھایا ہے۔ان کی مختلف نظمیں ایسی ہیں مثلاً’’نام ونسب‘‘غلام قوم کادانشور،ہجرت ،شہرکاماتم اورخاص طور پر سفیر لیلی جسے کافی شہرت حاصل ہوئی۔ان تمام نظموں میں انہوں نے سیاسی نظریہ کو مد نظر رکھا ہے۔
وہ لکھتے ہوئے جس شہر یا علاقے میں جو زبان جس حوالے سے استعمال ہوتی ہے،اسی زبان کو اپنی لکھاوٹ کا حصہ بناتے ہیں۔ناطق ایک تاریخی قصے کا ذکر کرتے ہوئے بتاتے ہیں کہ نواب سراج الدولہ جب اس کا دور حکومت تھاتو اس کا کہنا تھا کہ پیسا صرف نواب کے پاس ہواگر کسی اور کے پاس دیکھا جائے تو اسے جیل میں بند کر دیا جائے۔پھر میر جعفر کی بات کرتے ہیں کہ جو چاہتا تھا کہ بنگال کی ترقی ہوجائیتو وہ کیا کرتا کہ نواب چاہتا تھاکہ پیسہ صرف اس...
Aims of Study: Planter fasciitis (PF) is a common cause of heel pain. Muscle energy technique (METs) and passive soft tissue therapies are widely used for its management. The objective of this review was to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of METs and passive soft tissue therapies on PF.
Methodology: An extensive electronic literature search was made using different databases and search engines. Studies regarding METs and soft tissues therapies were investigated according to the eligibility criteria, using extracted data form and assessed for risk of bias. Outcome measures were pain and functional status. Quality assessment was done with Downs and Black, Cochrane risk of bias tool, PEDro scale and Critical Appraisal Skill Program (CASP) tool.
Results: Five articles met the selection criteria, were systematically reviewed for quantitative synthesis on comparative effects of METs and passive soft tissue therapies on PF. The quality of studies was moderate to high.
Limitations and Future Implications: Less evidence on desired interventions and outcome measures was the limitation. Relative efficacy helps in clinical decision making and improve patient’s related outcomes.
Originality: This review is the independent creation of authors.
Conclusion: Manual soft tissue techniques are more effective than METs on improving pain and function in planter fasciitis.
Low performance of irrigation systems is a major concern worldwide. This situation is more alarming in the developing countries where agriculture is facing decreased availability of water due to competition from growing needs of industrial and municipal sectors. Irrigated agriculture is pressed hard to produce more food to meet increased demand from rapidly growing population. The pressure on irrigation resources is intensifying in many regions of the earth. The public investments in canal irrigation schemes are declining due to low performance of existing irrigation projects. The additional water resources to expand irrigated agriculture can only be salvaged from wastage through better management strategies. The performance assessment of canal irrigation is used to promote this objective. Research methodology for this study was developed based on the extensive literature review. The measures of performance i.e. Productivity, Equity and Reliability were selected for in depth analysis. The relevant data was acquired from the official records of Irrigation Division I & II Swabi. Outlet-wise register (Mogawar) refer to designed discharge, area to be irrigated, area actually irrigated, crops assessed in each growing season, water tax (abiyana) collected in each growing season. Field surveys and Focused Group Discussions were conducted to validate official data at certain points. Productivity, Equity and Reliability were measured on a scale of zero to one (0—1). In ideal conditions values will be closer to one (1) and the average of all values from head to tail must also be closer to 1. Data analysis demonstrated that majority of the values were closer to 0 (zero). This situation indicated a very low level of performance of the Pehur Main Canal system. In very few instances the values were higher than half of scale and that‘s too in the middle of the system instead of head. The data analysis revealed that the middle of the system was performing better than the head and on individual canal level some middle sections doing better than head sections while tails better than middle parts. This situation indicated that the operation of the system was not stable enough to ensure the rational behavior throughout the system.