Democratic Attitude of Youth Evidence from Pakistan

Since the Arab spring, youth have been politically active in Asia through various modes. Regime revolution or failed takeover on 15 July 2016, in Turkey is its vibrant example. However, it’s unfortunate that the political perception, intention or attitude of youth towards democracy have not been included in the process of policy making. As a result, youth activism in politics remained unrecognized. Therefore, present work is an effort to explore democratic attitude of youth in Pakistan. The state of Pakistan has been selected because 64 % of her population comprises youth. Current study examines democratic attitude through four major independent variables: economic growth, democratic values, public participation and political stability. Data was collected from the respondents who were in between 18-35 years of age by distributing a survey questionnaire which was adopted from the literature. Data was analyzed through SPSS version 24.0. Result of the study suggests that all the developed hypotheses were accepted. Additionally, study finds that despite massive corruption, social injustice, favoritism, nepotism, political instability, economic crisis and many other problems, Pakistani youth overwhelmingly considers democracy, as the potential form of government and dislike any alternative of it. Current study may be the first stone in the stagnant water not only in measuring democratic attitude of young generation but it will also help them to understand what sort of democracy is needed in Pakistan.

Synthesis and Characterization of Organotin Iv Complexes With Donor Ligands

Organotin(/V) complexes with the general formulae R"SnL4''n and R,,sn2L,, ( R= alkyl, L = monomethyl glUlarate, monomethyl phthalate, monomethyl (2-phenyl gllllarate) and SchifJbases of2-aminophenol and salicylaldehyde) have been prepared. These complexes have been synthesized by the reaction of organolin(lV) halides with ligand in the presence of a base. Further, some diorganolin(iV) complexes have been synthesized by the reaction of organotin(lV) oxide with the ligand. The reaction Is carried OUi at the reflux temperature of benzene while water formed during the reaction is cont/nuously removed by means of a Dean alld Stark apparatus, The reactioll of organotln(lV) oxides with organic acids is more economical and gives beller purities as the reaction of organotin(lV) haUdes with organiC acid, in the presence of a base. These complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses and molar condut''livily The chemical bondings in these complexes have been discussed in terms of their JR. i 11-, and il9Sn-NMR, mass and I19Sn-lvfossbauer spec/ral studies, The I II and 1JC chemical shift assignments of the organotin moiely are straightforward from the mulliplicity and illlensity pal/ern, whereas the ligand skelelons were assigned by multiplicity pal/ern and I or resonance inlensilies of signals as well as their coupling conSlanls, The alkyl groups aI/ached to the Iin(l~J atom have been assigned by Ihe comparison of experimental chemical shifts with those calculated from incremelllal methods or compared to Ihe liIeralUre dala, The monomeric I: 1 complexes have trigonal bipyramidal geometry with equilorial organic groups. the dimeric /, complexes have ocl(liledr(ll geometry while complexes derived .from a Schiff base of 2-aminphenol and salicylaldehyde have tetrahedral geometries. Mass spectrum analyses reveallhal Ihe primary decomposition is due 10 the loss of a ligand in case of diorganotin(l V) complexes along with Ihe successive elimination of a C02 molecule while in Iriorganotin(IV) complexes Ihe primary decomposition is due /0 the loss of an alkyl group along with Ihe elimination of a CO, molecule, III The geometry assigned 10 Ihese complexes is well supported by infrared and Mossbauer silldies, All these complexes, soluble in DMSO and DMF have been screened against a wide spectrum of bacleria (Bacillus sublilh Slapholococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Schigella flexenari, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typh) and fungi (C.copsici, C.glocosporiodes, A, brassicico/a, A, bra5sicae, !/. graminium, The ALDso values have been determined with albino ralS, Some oflhe complexes exhibited very high anti-inflammatory activities, The cylostalic activity of the complexes has been assayed aga/nsf the established cell line KB, which has been derived from a human oral epidermoid carcinoma, The results obtained are qllile promiSing Overall, triorganotin(lV) derivatives exhibit signt{icanlly beller activilies than fhe diorganolin(JV) complexes,