ظاهرة تزويج القاصرات من منظور شرعي

According to traditional-religious-culture the early age marriages are very common custom especially in rural areas. The act of marring girls in early ages is considered to be a good practice in these constituencies; in contrast, the holy Quran has provided some logical guidelines to reject this idea. In the holy Quran “men” are instructed to marry as per their choice, which reveals, it is necessary for a “man” to be adult (Baligh) for marriage. Considering this fact, how it is possible that a man can be permitted to have a non-adult (Nabaligh) life partner? In this regard, marriages between Adult and Non-adult, Non-adult and Non-adult are not permitted because it is against the right of equality. Further, the holy Quran instructs the guardians of the orphans to return them their valuables when reach to the age of Nikah; which reveals that there is a particular standard of age set for Nikah, if it is not so, why the holy Quran has made this bounding for the guardians of the orphans? As per the guidance of the holy Quran, it is clear that Nikah requires both man and women not only to be physically adult/mature but also mentally adult/mature. In this connection, it has been highlighted that Nikah which is a physical contract requires a particular age for man and woman which however cannot be an age of Non-adult.

Determinants of Mangoexport from Pakista N

The present study identifies the major determinants and explores their implications on the export of mango from Pakistan to four selected markets (Dubai, Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom and Singapore). Primary data were collected through a survey of mango exporters selected purposively from the list of total exporters obtained from Pakistan Horticultural Development and Export Board. Data collected from primary sources were analyzed to delineate socioeconomic characteristics of the sampled mango exporters, estimate export margins and quantify major variables (experience and education of exporters, average purchase price, average marketing cost, average sale price, ISO certificate, government policy, fruit fly effect and hot water treatment) affecting export of mango from Pakistan. Primary data were substantiated with data collected from secondary sources, analyzed to estimate effect of major factors (production of mango, relative prices, agricultural GDP and infrastructure) on the export of mango, not captured by primary data. Level of integration among ten domestic mango markets (Lahore, Faisalabad, Sargodha, Gujranwala, Multan, Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkhar, Quetta and Peshawar) was checked to evaluate extent of efficiency in these selected markets. Double log form of regression analysis was employed to estimate effect of the selected variables on the export of mango in the four importing markets. Johansen’s Cointegration Approach and Error Correction Mechanism were used to analyze secondary data. Comparative study of export margins in four selected markets revealed that Dubai and Saudi Arabia were the moderate profit markets whereas the United Kingdom and Singapore were the high margin markets. The results of analysis of primary data revealed that education, professional experience of mango exporters, average purchase price, average marketing cost, average sale price and ISO certificate were the significant determinants of mango exports from Pakistan. On the other hand, the results of secondary data showed that relative price index, mango production, real agricultural GDP and infrastructure were affecting mango exports overtime. The highest elasticity coefficients in the long run were found for real Agricultural GDP and infrastructure whereas in the short run, real Agricultural GDP showed dominating impact. Granger Causality test established bi-directional causality of mango exports with relative price index and infrastructure whereas unidirectional causality was established with real Agricultural GDP and mango production. Market integration analysis established that the selected domestic mango markets of Pakistan were efficient and well-integrated with each other. Granger causality test showed that Karachi market had bi-directional causality with Lahore, Faisalabad, Multan, Hyderabad and Sukkhar markets whereas unidirectional relationship was found for the rest of the markets. Problems emanating from the research findings were summarized and policy measures proposed to strengthen domestic production base, target high price markets by complying with international standards and diversify mango exports through value addition .