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Biodiesl production from sterculia Bottle tree seed oil using nanocatalysts

Thesis Info

Author

Tanveer Akhtar Akhtar

Supervisor

Maliha Asma

Department

Department of Environmental Sciences

Program

MS

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

v, 78

Subject

Environmental Sciences

Language

English

Other

MS 541.395 AKB

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-17 21:08:06

ARI ID

1676723599672

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۳۷۔ نارسائی

نارسائی

 ایک مدت گزر گئی

گھر والوں سے کوئی فرمائش نہیں کی

ایک عرصے سے آئینہ نہیں دیکھا

دیکھوں بھی کیا ؟

خود کا چہرہ تو یاد نہیں

مجھ پر کونسا رنگ اچھا لگتا ہے؟

 معلوم نہیں

میں بال بنائوں تو کیسا لگتا ہوں؟

میں مسکرائوں تو کیسا لگتا ہوں ؟

میرا آئینہ بھی میرے اندر کی طرح لکیروں سے اٹا ہوا ہے

الأثر المباشر للمحاكاة في النقد الثقافي

يعد النقد الثقافي من الظواهر الادبية ما بعد نصية والذي يبحث في الأنساق المضمرة وبذلك أصبح هو وما انطوى تحت مظلته من نقد نسوي وهوية محاكاة وانعكاس للواقع. وهدفت الدراسة للتعرف على الأثر المباشر للمحاكاة في النقد الثقافي، وخلصت الدراسة الى أن النقد الثقافي وما انطوى تحت عباءته من نقد نسوي أو هوية يعد من المناهج ما بعد نصية التي تجاوزت النص لتبحث في مرجعياته الفكرية غير متجاهل للعلوم الانسانية من تاريخ واجتماع ونفس للكشف عن أنساقه المضمرة أو ابراز هوية ما، وهنا تكمن العلاقة بين تلك المناهج والمحاكاة وانعكاسها المباشر على الواقع

State Failure and State Building in Post Conflict Societies: A Case Study of Afghanistan

This thesis attempts to contribute to the debates on the less than satisfactory outcomes of state building interventions in post conflict societies. The broad enquiry underlining this thesis has been: Why interventionist state building is unable to restore effective statehood in the so-called “failed states?” The thesis argues that the failures of current state building practice in intervened states need to be located in state failure discourses. The state failure discourses draw a Western Weberian yardstick to define and explain the phenomenon of failed states. These discourses paint failed states to be either lacking broadly, centralized state institutions for service provision, or liberal characteristics of a democratic participatory political system and a free market economy. These two explanations of state failure pre-dominate the state building debate and its practice. State building is theoretically recognized as constructing state institutions and building upon their functional effectiveness, or it is understood to encompass creation of a legitimate political order, based on popular consent and the establishment of viable and strong economy on free market principles. This understanding when put into practice assumes two main variants of state building model: state building as institution building; and state building as building of a liberal political and economic order. The thesis argues that these two variants of state building when practiced in post conflict situations produce a set of paradoxes that inhibits the attainment of desired goals. It attempts to explore the paradoxes by focusing on external attempts at building states in the Balkans, East Timor, Iraq and Cambodia. Next, it studies the post 2001 state building practice in Afghanistan within the framework of institutional and liberal paradoxes. The thesis specially focuses on the paradoxes generated from an understanding and practice of state building as institution building. It explores the institutional paradoxes at the sub-national district level in Bati Kot, Nangarhar, to study what shape these take at district level and how these prohibit achievements in state building exercises. The findings of the thesis suggest that institutional state building practice in post conflict societies generates two broad categories of paradoxes: capacity building vs. dependency; and formal vs. informal/technocratic vs. traditional. The capacity building vs. dependency paradoxes are generated because the state building intervention fails to achieve its objective of 8 restoring effective statehood in intervened settings, the avowed objective of intervention in the first place. The manner in which capacity building exercises are conducted to build formal state structures, end up making them more dependent on external help and finances. Capacity building actually builds dependency. In a similar vein, technocratic top-down exercise of building institutions, either negates indigenous governance practices, or create belated linkages with informal social and political practices. Resultantly, these either do not find acceptance among local population and end up being adhered to by few in urban centres, or create conditions of de facto influences over the de jure. The interplay between the formal and the informal, depending on context and environment and the initiative, either serves to inhibit state building goals, or promote these, but in non-orthodox, unconventional manner. Such contestations between the formal and the informal, the technocratic and the traditional makes the state building process complex and complicated for external state builders to device state building models that are more adaptive to local conditions.