الفصل الثانی: الشعر الجديد في شبة القارۃ الهندية
أعطی(ألطاف حسين حالي) للشعر وبالخصوص للغزل الأردو الأسلوب الجدید، واستوعب النقاد من بعض التجارب والأقوال علی أن ’’ذلك شعر علی شکل نثر‘‘[1]، وحصلت اللغۃ الأردیۃ علی الأسلوب الجدید وبعض أنواع الشعر، وقد حصل الشعر الأردو علی الأسلوب المنفرد عند إقبال’’[2] فیہ التنوع والترفع أیضاً‘‘[3]۔
وظھرت بعض أنواع الشعر الجدید توضح وتعالج بعض مشاکل المجتمع في العصر الحاضر، ولکن شعراء العصر الحديث اھتموا بالمنظومات ومن أھمھم (فیض أحمد فيض)۔
وقبل قیام باکستان کان للشعر دور کبیر في البحث عن طرق جدیدۃ والمساعدۃ في تشجیع المسلمین ضد الإحتلال والظلم، ولکن بعد قيام الباکستان تراجع الشعراء وتوقفوا عن التشجیع۔ والشاعر الکبیر الدکتور محمد إقبال کان رجلاً سیاسياً وعالماً کبیراً وقد لُقبَ بشاعر الشرق وکان فیلسوفاً مشھوراً وحصل علی شھادۃ الدکتوراہ، وُلد في 9 نوفمبر في 1877م ولہ أعمال أدبیۃ وسیاسیۃ وإجتماعیۃ رائعۃ، ولہ أشعار في اللغۃ الأردیۃ والفارسیۃ وکان لہ خبرۃ في اللغۃ العربیۃ ولہ عدۃ تصانیف منھا : (i)بال جبریل (ii) جاوید نامہ (iii)أسرار خودي، وقدم نظریۃ الباکستان وطنًا مستقلاً للمسلمين في الهند، وحصل علی شهادة السنۃ العاشرة في 1893م ثم علی الثانویۃ العامۃ في 1895م، وبعدھا حصل علی شھادۃ البکلوریوس في 1898م وحصل علی الماجستیر في الفلسفۃ في 1899م ثم سافر إلی انجلترا في عام 1905م، وبعدھا سافر إلی ألمانیا والتحق بجامعۃ میونخ وحصل علی شھادۃ الدکتوراۃ في عام 1907م من جامعۃ میونخ وقدم رسالۃ الدکتوراہ تحت عنوان (ارتقاء ما بعد الطبیعیات) ولہ أشعار ممتازة ومعروفۃ ، مثال علی ذلك۔
اوروں کا ہے پیام اور، میرا پیام اور ہے
عشق کے درد مند کا طرز کلام اور ہے
شمخ سحر کہہ گئی، سوز ہے زندگی کا راز
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This paper intends to discuss the inter-religious dialogue and the Prophet’s engagement with the ‘Other’. Both dialogue and faith-based reconciliation provide a way to mankind by which the world will become peaceful place to live. In this violence torn world, reconciliation on the basis of faith is needed, so that unity may be created out of diversity. This paper argues that interfaith dialogical theory profits from a deep understanding of moral psychology and social learning theory. The paper highlights that reconciliation belongs to Abrahamic legacy, and also focuses on how Islam established and come up with advanced civilizations characterized by relatively harmonious co-existence between Muslims, Christians and Jews. It is through reconciliation that we regain our humanity. To work for reconciliation is to live and to show others what their humanity is. The paper also shed light on faith-based reconciliation in its Islamic perspective. It is this context the present paper has been drafted.
The study has been performed to analyze the influence of financial intermediation on micro and macro growth in emerging economy of Pakistan. This study testifies the impact the financial intermediation functions on growth at three levels: Firm Level, Industry Level and the Macro Economic Level. Literature identifies a variety of functions performed by financial intermediaries beyond savings and pooling of funds. These functions include transaction cost function, liquidity assurance function, delegated monitoring function and information sharing function. Several proxies have been used to quantify the utilization of the financial intermediation functions while the growth has been measured as of firm size. In the first tier, a total of 130 Pakistani companies were investigated for the impact of functions of financial intermediation for the period 2004-2013 using Panel Data Analysis. Common Effect Model with Fixed Effects has been tested at the firm level panel data. According to the Fixed Effect Model in firm level panel, the proxies for the variable of Transaction Cost, Liquidity Assurance and Information Sharing Coalitions are found to have a significant impact on firm level growth while the proxies for the variable of Delegated Monitoring function have an insignificant impact on firm growth in the Pakistani sample. This is a reflection that the Delegated Monitoring function does not statistically influence firm growth. This can be attributed to inefficient corporate governance mechanism. The other variables show a statistically significant impact which reflects that firms utilizing these functions has been positively benefitted. The results reflect that firms with higher level of financial inclusion i.e. access to financial services have a positive influence on firm growth. In the second tier, the firms were grouped into 15 industries and industry wise panel data analysis is conducted to study the impact of financial intermediation functions on growth across the different industries. A fixed effect is found across the industries which show that the impact of financial intermediation functions is different for each industry. According to the Fixed Effect Model in industry wise panel, the proxies for the variable of Transaction Cost, Delegated Monitoring and Information Sharing Coalitions are found to have a significant impact on industry level growth. Further, each industry is then taken as a reference industry and the impact of financial intermediation is observed in each industry being similar or different from other industries. The industry wise panel data is done for exploring the moderating effect of the industry-variable interactive term to see whether a particular function moderates the impact of financial intermediation functions in a specific industry or not. All the functions are examined with relevance to the reference industry to empirically test the moderating impact of financial intermediation in each industry. The results report that several proxies of the financial intermediation functions moderate the impact on growth in different industries. In the third tier, macroeconomic data is examined to appraise the influence of financial intermediation on macro level economic growth. In Pakistan, the results reflect that there exists significant co-integration between financial intermediation and economic growth. However, there is no difference in the impact of financial liberalization on economic growth before and after the financial liberalization. The evidence concludes that the linkage between financial intermediation and economic growth is present as a significant interaction in the emerging economy of Pakistan.