اسلامی فوجداریت کا ضابطۂ قرائن

Qara’in - usually translated as circumstantial evidence - is a derived form of Arabic word " " قر ن which literally means a fact associated or accompanied with an event or circumstances. But when an event or circumstances discloses such associated or accompanied fact then such a fact becomes circumstantial evidence. Both proto-juristic and modern legal terms held circumstantial evidence for an evidence which is offered to prove certain attendant circumstances from which the existence of the fact at issue may be inferred. In Islamic Law, majority of jurists do not endorse Qara’in as an authoritative evidence, particularly, in offences leading to corporal punishments. On the other side, Ibn Farhun from Malikites and Ibn Qayyem from Hanbalites terms it equal to the direct evidence of Iqrar and Shahadah. It is not very strange that Dr. Anwarullah, a prominent Muslim scholar and Prof. Robert Preach are of the opinion that circumstantial evidence is, after all, more authentic even than the aforesaid two evidences. Herbert Broom- a western legal expert- also says that certain hidden facts can be deducted from the mode of a relevant act or to some extent it is modus operandi which gives birth to a circumstantial evidence. In this shortened article the juristic opinion of some early and contemporary legal experts has been discussed as to judge the legal mode and authenticity of circumstantial evidence.

Impact of Service Quality of Islamic Banks on Customer Satisfaction.

This study explores the impact of service quality on the satisfaction of customers of the Islamic banks operating in Lahore Pakistan means whether the customers of Islamic banks are satisfied by the facilities provided by the banks. Tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy and shari'ah compliance are the dimensions of service quality and taken as independent variables while customer satisfaction is taken as dependant variable. For the purpose of study, feedback of 100 customers of 5 Islamic banks operating in Lahore Pakistan regarding service quality and satisfaction level is collected. Banks and customers are selected on the basis of convenient sampling. A structured self-administrated questionnaire in English was distributed to customers of the Islamic banks. Personal contact approach was also applied to explain the questions. SPSS 16.0 version was used to draw analysis. Results show that tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy and shari'ah compliance have positive relationship with customer satisfaction. The value of R square shows that 86.6% variation in customers' satisfaction is explained by tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy and shari'ah compliance. Responsiveness, empathy and shari'ah compliance significantly affect the customer satisfaction while tangibility, reliability and assurance insignificantly affect the customer satisfaction. So, the bank managers should focus on these three dimensions of the service quality if they want to enhance the customer satisfaction.