Role of Masjid in Social Reformation in Contemporary Pashtun Society: A Case Study of District Bannu and Lakki Marwat, Pakistan

Pulpit and Masjid play very pivotal and productive role in a Muslim society. It not only educates and guides Muslims in religious matters as well shapes the social attitude and role of Muslims. Moreover, it is evident by the history that Islamic State was run by the Head of the State from Masjid. Unfortunately, pulpit and Masjid have been losing sense of their actual responsibility as an agent of social cohesion, integration and reformation. The paper is an attempt of studying the current role of pulpit and Masjid regarding religious education and training, exploring the factors that have been hampering the way of realizing the dream of social reformation in contemporary Pashtun society by not allowing pulpit and Masjid to play its due role in this respect and suggesting feasible recommendation for coping with the issue. The study is based on primary data that was collected through questionnaire in District Bannu and Lakki Marwat.

Development of Serodiagnostic Test for Tuberculosis by Using Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Specific Antigens

The effective removal and control of tuberculosis (TB) disease can be achieved with early and accurate diagnosis. It accounts for a majority of deaths and loss of health status thus damaging the economy. The present diagnostics for TB are not very effective as their sensitivity and specificity are low. Therefore the tests with more diagnostic value need to be developed. Thus a study was planned to develop an indigenous technology by exploiting biotechnology tools, and a new emerging technique i.e. multiplex microbead immunoassay (MMIA). Six potential recombinant antigenic genes: ag85a, ag85b, ag85c, cfp-10, esat-6 and hspx of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) were selected for this purpose and respective genes were transformed into expression strain Bl21DE3pLysS for overexpression of proteins. Expression of each antigen was optimized for various conditions like concentration of isopropyl beta-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), time and temperature. Expression of protein was then confirmed by Western blotting. After confirmation, proteins were overexpressed in bulk cultures and purified by using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) by using Histidine-tag (His-tag). The purified proteins were quantified and used to coat on microbeads at different concentrations and were used for analysis of collected blood samples. The blood samples of TB patients and healthy controls were collected from Federal TB Centre, Rawalpindi, from the students of Pir Mehr Ali Shah - Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi (PMAS-AAUR), Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan and healthy controls from USA. The collected human blood samples were divided as tuberculin skin test negative (TST -ve) healthy controls, from Pakistan and USA (group 1), TST positive (group 2), reactivated TB patients xx(group 3) and time points of active TB patients who were diagnosed and were under treatment (group 4). The coated microbeads were then used to analyze the presence of antibodies against M. tuberculosis in the collected blood samples. The results of group 1, Pakistan and USA group (TST negative) showed in general the absence of antibodies against any of the six antigens used in the MMIA. In the group 2 (TST positive), low median fluorescence intensity (MFI) values were detected against all antigens. Further in group 3 (reactivated TB patients) highest MFI values were observed against all antigens whereas in group 4 (active TB patient time points) MFI values were higher than group 2 but lower than group 3. This shows MMIA is very specific in detection of TB. Therefore, based on this it may be concluded that these antigens can be used to develop MMIA. However, use of more antigens and standardization is required.