عرب عہد جاہلیت میں ’’طلاق‘‘ کا تصور: تحقیقی جائزہ

Conjugal life is an important aspect of human society, on which a prosperous life depends. Almost every Culture, civilization and religion Legislate for family life. There is a part of these laws to end the marital relationship which is denoted by "DIVORCE". Divorce is mentioned in detail in Islamic Sharia, in order to understand them truly one has to genuinely consider and understand the concept of divorce in Pre-Islamic period of ignorance. There were several specific terms for divorce that were used in the Arab culture for example Talᾱq, Īela and Khula etc. But generally decent people use the word "طلاق"(Talᾱq) to end the marital relationship. There were some common causes and reasons for divorce in Arabs before Islam for example lack of mental harmony, infertility, bigotry, family feud and apostasy etc. The divorced women become more and more vulnerable socially and economically in ancient Arab and consequently their children less attention, love and affection of their mothers turning them into rebellious, nonconformist and ruthless individuals crossing all limits of oppression and we often see examples of such incidents in Arabs before dawn of Islam. These cruel customs and practices were uprooted through teachings of Islam which is based on justice, equality and basic human rights.

Comparison of Leadership Practices of Principals of High and Low Performing Higher Secondary Schools in District Lahore

School principals play very important role in the progress of educational institutes. Effective school leadership practices are necessary for students? performance as well as for school improvement generally. The principals or heads set the quality and morale of the schools by which they influence the teachers and pupils. Purpose of the study was to compare the leadership practices of the principals of high and low performing higher secondary schools. The study was quantitative and the survey method was used. Principals of higher secondary schools of district Lahore were the population of the study. Total population has been taken for data collection, the researcher has done census for this study. There were total 25 higher secondary schools in district Lahore. In each school, one principal is performing his or her duties as a leader of the school. Ten principals were from high performing schools and ten were from low performing schools. High and low performing secondary school were categorized on the basis of students? matriculation results for the year 2017 of Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Lahore. Schools? matric results with 80% and above were considered as high performing schools and less than 80% were considered as low performing schools. An adapted questionnaire was used for the purpose of data collection. Questionnaire was comprised on two parts, demographic information of respondents and 35 close ended questions defining leadership practices of higher secondary schools? principals. The data were analysed by using statistical techniques such as mean, standard deviations and independent sample t-test. Major findings of the study show significant difference between the opinions of high performing higher secondary schools? principals and low performing higher secondary schools? principals on all these factors; a) developing school vision, b) promotion of collaborative school culture, c) distribution of leadership responsibilities, d) involvement and consultation with staff, e) establishment of interpersonal relationship, f) instructional and mentoring support, and g) professional development. The collaboration and consultation with staff is the key to success for high performance of higher secondary schools so, it is recommended to the low performing higher secondary schools? principals to enhance their collaboration and consultation with their staff members.