آہ! مولانا عبداﷲ عباس ندوی مرحوم
۱۰؍ دسمبر کے ’’تعمیر حیات‘‘ سے معلوم ہوا کہ مولانا عبداﷲ عباس ندوی اب روبہ صحت ہیں، اسی شمارے میں پروفیسر عبدالحلیم ندوی مرحوم کے متعلق خود مولانا کا ایک تعزیتی مضمون بھی نظر سے گزرا جس میں انہوں نے لکھا کہ پروفیسر مرحوم ان سے ایک سال سینئر اور مولانا معین اﷲ ندوی کے ہم درس تھے، ساتھ میں مولانا ظہور پرتاب گڑھی، مولانا عبدالغفار ندوی اور مولانا ابوالعرفان خاں ندوی بھی تھے، ان احباب کو یاد کرتے ہوئے لکھا کہ اب شائد ہی کوئی اس گروہ میں باقی رہا ہو، جو زندہ ہیں وہ کشتہ تیغ حیات ہیں، ان سطروں کو پڑھتے وقت کیا خبر تھی کہ کشتگان تیغ اجل کی مرثیہ خوانی کرنے والے کا ماتم اس قدر جلد کیا جائے گا، مولانا عرصے سے بیمار تھے اور ایک دن مخدوم گرامی مولانا تقی الدین ندوی کے فون سے معلوم ہوا کہ اب حالت بڑی تشویش ناک ہے، دو روز بعد وہ جنوری کے اخباروں میں ان کی وفات کی خبر آگئی اور اس طرح قریب اسّی (۸۰) سال پر محیط ایک اہل دل، صاحب اخلاص، دیدہ ور اور دردمند انسان کی داستان مکمل ہوگئی، اِناﷲ وَاِنا اِلیہ رَاجِعونْ۔
پھلواری شریف ان کا مولد ہے، ابتدائی تعلیم کے بعدوہ ندوے آگئے، جہاں مولانا سید ابوالحسن علی ندوی اور شاہ حلیم عطا جیسے اکابر کی سرپرستی اور مولانا سید سلیمان ندوی کی توجہات نے ان کے مستقبل کی راہوں اور منزلوں کو متعین کردیا، فراغت کے بعد ندوے میں قرآن مجید اور لغت قرآن کریم کی تعلیم و تدریس سے ان کے علمی سفر کا آغاز ہوا، بعد میں وہ ندوے کے ادیب اول ہوئے، برطانیہ میں لیڈس یونیورسٹی سے لسانیات میں پی ایچ ڈی کی سند حاصل کی، سعودی عرب میں نشریات کے ادارے سے وابستہ ہوئے، رابطہ...
“This Quran has been revealed in seven different ways; so, recite it in the way that is easier for you.” This hadith is Recurrent in meaning. The narrator Imam Abu Ubaid Qasim Bin Salam (R.A) has elucidated its recurrence. Imam Abn-e- Jouzi (R.A) has collected all its ways in a Journal. What is meant by “Seven Words” in this Hadith? It has been a controversial point among the ulemas and scholars. And no doubt, it has been regarded as the most difficult debate of Uloom-ul- Quran. There have been severe controversies in this regard, so far as Allama Ibn-e - Arabi has mentioned thirty-five sayings. Some of them are as following:
Some think these are the ways of recitations of seven famous Qaries.
Some think that it means all the ways of recitations. But “Seven” does not means the number 07, because in Arabic language, it is used to describe the plenty of something. Qazi Ayyaz from Earleir Ulemas had the same opinion, while in the later period; Shah Wali-Ullah also had the same views.
Some think that it means seven dialects of Arab Tribes. Imam Abu Hatim Sajestani (R.A) determined the name of these languages. They are Quraish, Hazial, Teem, Al-Rubab, Azd, Rabbia, Hawazan, and Saad bin Abi-Bakar. Hafiz Abn-e- Jareer Tibri (R.A) agreed to this school of thought. The fourth famous saying is that of Imam Tehavi (R.A.) he says that although he Holy Quran has been revealed in the dialect of Quraish. But it was difficult for the people of other tribes, which came of different areas of Arab. That is why, in the beginning, they were permitted to recite the Holy Quran in their local languages, and the words or ways were determined by the holy prophet (P.B.U.H) himself. Later, it was prohibited. There remained only the one way of recitation in which the holy Quran was revealed. HAzrat Sufian bin Aiena (R.A), Abn-e-Wahab (R.A) and Hafiz Ibn-e- Abdul Bar (R.A) agreed to this opinion.
Famous interpreter Allama Nizamul Din Nishapori (R.A) says that it means the following differences in the recitation.
Differences between Singular and Plurals
Differences between Muscular and Feminine
Differences of the causes of Araabs
Differences of Morphology (Formation of Words)
Differences of syntax (Sentence Structure)
Differences of the ways which changes words
Differences of dialects
Allama Abn-e- Qutaiba, (R.A), Imam Razi Qazi (R.A) and Abu Bakar(R.A) and Abn-e Aljuzri (R.A) also adopted this saying of Allama Nisahpuri.(R.A).
Actinomycetes are a facultative thermophilic group of gram-positive bacteria which produce antibiotics and a range of hydrolytic enzymes including amylases, proteases and lipases. Some Actinomycetes are pathogenic but the majority is saprophytic inhabiting soil, water plants and other habitats, where they play an important role in soil structure and composition. In the present study, bacterial strains from three soil samples obtained from a hot water stream were screened for their potential to produce α -amylase. Out of twenty isolated strains, four were selected due to their amylase producing ability as determined through production of a zone of hydrolysis. These strains were identified by morphology, biochemical tests and PCR amplification. Bacterial strain W1 giving a 3.8 mm zone of hydrolysis was identified to be Actinomycete and N3, U1, and U4 giving 3.6, 3.8 and 3.6 mm zones of hydrolysis, respectively were identified as Bacilli. Growth of Actinomycete and amylase production was optimized on four different nutrient media. Highest growth and amylase activity( 3.882 OD and 132.3 AU, respectively after 72 hours at 60oC) were obtained by using medium-4. Conditions for the maximum production of amylase in submerged culture fermentation were optimized using medium-4. It was found that by using 5% inoculum of 30 hours age, amylase activity of 140.8 AU was obtained. Optimization of agitation speed (150 rpm), temperature (60 oC), pH (7.5), starch (2.5 %) and glucose (3%) increased activity from 140.8 AU to 162.4 AU. Growth and amylase production were then optimized by using agro-industrial waste as sole source of carbon and nitrogen in the modified AGS medium. Nine agro-industrial wastes namely soybean meal, wheat bran, peanut meal, mustard meal, sunflower meal, linseed meal, cottonseed meal, corn meal and molasses were used individually and in combinations to optimize amylase production. Soybean meal and wheat bran were found to be more effective nutrient sources with amylolytic activities of 176.2 AU and 171.6 AU respectively. Soybean meal in combination with molasses at 2:1 ratio were found to bethe best carbon and nitrogen sources giving amylolytic activity of 230.6 AU. In solid state fermentation, maximum amylolytic activity( 186.2 AU) was obtained by using wheat bran and molasses in 2:1 ratio at 55oC after 72 hours of incubation. The enzyme was purified 24-fold by acetone precipitation and gel filtration. Single peak during gel filtration indicated presence of only one type of alpha-amylase. Crude and partially purified enzyme find vital application in desizing of cotton cloth. Desizing of cotton pieces 15x15 cm by acid hydrolysis (0.1 M HCl) resulted in 0.7725g removal of starch. This value served as standard for 100% starch removal. Crude enzyme gave 98.39% removal after 90 minutes of soaking at pH 7.0. However, 98.92 % removal was achieved with partially purified enzyme after 60 minutes of soaking. Optimization of temperature and pH revealed that 100 % desizing was obtained at pH 6.0 when incubated at 60oC for 60 minutes. Studies proved to be successful in utilizing agro-industrial waste for producing thermostable alpha-amylase from Thermoactenomyces sacchari and its application as a desizer. The process is recommended for large production of thermostable alpha-amylase in the future.