Muhammad -
The Recipient of The Qur’an
Muhammad was the only child of his parents – Sayyed ‘Abd-Allah bin ‘Abd Al-Muttalib Al- Hashemi and Sayyedah Aminah bint Wahb Al-Zuhriyya. He was born in Makkah, a commercial metropolis and a pilgrims’ hub in the Arabian Peninsula. His father passed away before his birth, and the mother when he was six. A shepherd in early life and a successful merchant in adulthood, he married Sayyedah Khadijah bint Khuwaylid at the age of 25. The happy couple became the parents of two sons and four daughters.
Muhammad ibn Abd-Allah was reputed to be a friendly and trustworthy gentleman with an impeccable character. He was admired for his generosity as well as his wisdom. The mutually hostile factions often called upon him to act as an arbiter. At home, he was known for his caring and helpful attitudes.
As he was attaining maturity, he was getting deeply disturbed by the social and moral environment around him. He found the idolatry and fetishism unholy and social injustices distressing. He increasingly began to search for a response to his own agony at the injustice and chaos around him by resorting to meditation and seclusion. He would go away from home for several days in a row and stay in a small cave on Mount al-Noor, it is a cave hiding in shyness and seclusion with a difficult access, named Hira.
One midnight, during the last week of the month of Ramadan that the Cave lightened up. It witnessed the presence of rows over rows of angels led by the Arch Angel, Gabriel. Muhammad got bewildered. It brought him awe, fear and foreboding. It was an experience unique of its kind; unique...
Allah has made the man as his caliph on earth and created the natural resources of the universe for the sake of human beings. Due to advancement of industrialization the natural resources and environment have been threatened while the environmental pollution has become an international challenge in modern times. Some of the guiding principles mentioned in the Sirat-un-Nabiﷺ are helpful in basic guidance of humanity, such as the prohibition of extravagance and oppression, the gratitude for divine blessings, the observance of the rights of worship, and so on. However, there are certain rules and decrees that provide specific guidelines for the protection and proper use of certain natural resources, such as water, trees, agriculture, forests, wind, etc. That some of them have been ordered to perform their duties, Such as the commands to plant trees, to keep water clean, to cultivate, to raise animals and to be gentle with them, etc. Such as prohibitions of cutting down trees unnecessarily, of polluting water, of spoiling fields, and the prohibition of cruelty to animals, etc. In this study, these demands have been explained in some detail in the light of Quran and Hadiths.
Key Words: Environment, Pollution, Responsibilities, Sirat -un-Nabiﷺ
Different herbicides were evaluated for the control of the weed Conyza slricta in sugarcane planted at different geometrical pattems under agro-ecological conditions of I. Khan during 2000-2001 and 2001-2002. The experiments were conducted in randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement with treatment replicated thrice. Main plots comprised of various planting geomelries whereas sub plots were of herbicidal treatments. Weed parameters recorded were population, height, branches, leaves, fresh and dry weight per single weed plant. Sugarcane parameters recorded were stalks stool", height, weight with and without top. slem girth and Inter- nodes per cane and yield in Ions per hectare. Benefit cosl ratio (BCR) was computed for determining economic benefit. Means of various parameters depicted that planting geometries Significantly differed weed and sugarcane. The planting geometry of triple rows al120 em produced the highesl in the weed populalion and gave the highest yield of 58.2 t ha-'' as compared 10 other geometries used in this study. All the herbicides signi1icanUy decreased weed population and increased cane yield ha-'' compared to control. The herbicide Oleuran MA60 alone gave the highest cane yield of 59.33 t ha-'' at planting geometry of triple rows at 120 em and t ha-'' when averaged across geometries. The control gave Significantly lowest yield of 33,381 ha-''. The herbicide Dieuran MA60 gave the highest benefit cost ratio (BCR) of 2.19 and the highesl gross income of Rs, 51,9131- at planting geometry of triple row at 120 em, The lowest BCR ratio of 1 with the lowest gross income of 36,164/- was depicted in the control on the same planting geometry. It is suggested that for obtaining economic yield firom sugarcane at D, I. Khan. it may be planted at triple rows 120 em apart with ix application of Dlcuran MA60 30 days after planting for control of Conyza slricta. Eucalyptus has become an Integral part of agro-forestry. It is notorious for having allelopathic effsicts on growth 0/ agricultural crops growing In its vicinity. The allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf extracts were evaluated on the growth parameters of cotton and maize with the objective to develop recommandation for growing these aops dose to eucalyptus The different extrects were preparad by soaking, boiling and crushing leaves in water. All the eucalyptus leaf extracts significantly reducad seed germination and other growth parameters of both the crops compared to control. Soaked extract ellt1ibited the highest decrease in root and crushed extract in shoot growth parameters of maize, In cotton, root and shoot growth parameters except length, the highest decrease was LelU"",,, by crushed soaked extracts, respectively. The boiled extract decreased germination of maize and cotton to 66 and 57% respectively compared to and 97% germination In control. It is recommended that maize and cotton may not be planted very close to eucalyptus trees due to likely adverse effects on seed germination and other growth parameters.