1۔ ججزکا کردار
اسلام کے ابتدائی دور میں قاضی کے تقرر کے لیے شرائط مندرجہ ذیل تھیں: مکلف ہو، جسمانی طور پر صحت مند ہو اور تعلیمی قابلیت مجتہد والی صفات موجود ہوں ۔ اس کے علاوہ لوگوں کی نفسیات سے واقف ہو۔خلیفہ خو د قضاۃ کا تقرر کرتا تھا۔ بنوعباس کے دور میں البتہ قاضی القضاۃ کا عہدہ پہلی بار متعارف ہوا۔ اس عہدہ جلیلہ پر فائز ہونے والی شخصیت قاضی ابویوسف ؒ کی ہے ۔ان کو بھی اختیار حاصل تھا کہ وہ تین براعظموں پر مشتمل اس ریاست کے قاضی کا تقرر کر سکیں۔صد ر ِاسلام میں نظام قضاء کے لیے قاضی کو جن امورکا خیال رکھنا پڑتا تھا اورفیصلہ دینے کا طریقہ کار کیا تھا۔ اس حوالے سے حضرت عمر کا ایک خط جو آپ نے حضرت ابو موسیٰ اشعری کو لکھا تھا ان میں سے اکثر تفصیلات کو سموئے ہوئے ہے ۔ السنن الکبرٰی للبیہقی اورالدارقطنی ؒنے یہ خط ان الفاظ کے ساتھ نقل کیا ہے
"كتب عمر إلى أبي موسى أما بعد فإن القضاء فريضة محكمة وسنة متبعة فافهم إذا أدلى إليك فإنه لا ينفع تكلم بحق لا نفاذ له آس الناسي في مجلسك وفي وجهك وقضائك حتى لا يطمع شريف في حيفك ولا ييأس ضعيف من عدلك البينة على المدعي واليمين على من أنكر والصلح جائز بين المسلمين إلا صلحا أحل حراما أو حرم حلالا ومن ادعى حقا غائبا أو بينة فاضرب له أمدا ينتهي إليه فإن بينه أعطيته بحقه وإن أعجزه ذلك استحللت عليه القضية فإن ذلك هو أبلغ في العذر وأجلى للعلماء ولا يمنعنك قضاء قضيت فيه اليوم فراجعت فيه رأيك فهديت فيه لرشدك أن تراجع فيه الحق فإن الحق قديم لا يبطله شيء ومراجعة الحق خير من التمادي في الباطل والمسلمون عدول بعضهم على بعض إلا مجربا عليه شهادة زور أو مجلودا في حد أو...
E-Commerce competition is becoming increasingly attractive in the world of online shopping, it requires a special strategy in order to compete competitively, E Commerce Shoope performs a Twin Date Event Strategy, Flash Sale, and Free Shipping Cost, Population in this study amounts to 100 people using purposive sampling methods. Based on the results of this study, Twins Date Events, Flash Sale and Free Shipping have influenced purchasing decisions both partially and simultaneously. The results of the Determination Coefficient show that the magnitude of the influence of both free variables together on the bound variable is 54.7% and the remaining 45.3% is another variable not studied. Future research could delve into these unexplored variables to provide a more comprehensive understanding of what drives purchasing decisions in the e-commerce sector. Understanding these additional factors could further assist e-commerce platforms like Shoope in refining their marketing strategies, ensuring they not only attract but also retain customers in a highly competitive market.
Teaching and learning mathematics is still considered a difficult task. It is believed that mathematics is based on universal and absolute foundations and the learning of mathematics should involve rules, facts and principles. Moreover, a one-way teaching strategy is being used in the mathematics classroom. Innovative teaching strategies such as, cooperative learning, activity-based learning and investigation are not used often in the mathematics classroom. Similarly, teacher-student interactions highly influence the teaching and learning process but these have not been given much importance while teaching and learning mathematics. Very few studies have been done in the Western countries in this regard but no such study has been conducted in the context of Pakistan. Thus, this study focused on teacher perceptions of teacher-student interactions in the mathematics classroom using inquiry-based teaching. The purpose of the study was to explore the perceptions of lower-secondary level teachers about student-teacher interactions in an inquiry-based mathematics classroom in Karachi, Pakistan. Two teachers - one from a public and the other from a private school - were selected for the study. The differences and similarities of both teachers' perceptions about teacher-student interactions and their teaching and learning practices in the real classroom situation were identified using a comparative case study method. Audio-taped semi-structured interviews, non-participant observations, checklists, pre and post-lesson conferences and held notes were used to collect the data. In addition, the students' manner of interaction with the teacher in the classroom during teaching and learning mathematics was closely examined. The data was analyzed as two separate case studies, which presented detailed biographical data about the two teachers, their theoretical frameworks and actual practices, with interpretations and analysis. The synthesis of this study uncovers a number of issues emerging from the analysis of the findings. For instance, the teachers’ attitudes towards teaching and learning mathematics, the impact of professional development opportunities and the nature of self-reflection might play a key role in reshaping the teachers' perceptions which may interest other mathematics teachers, teacher educators, teacher education programmes and research in education in general.